Solubility, vitamins and

Because Olestra is not digested, it behaves much like mineral oil. The laxative properties, which are widely discussed, appear on the label. Like other indigestible lipids, Olestra can dissolve fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids, which makes them unavailable for absorption. 

Salatrim is a mixture of many triglycerides that have the characteristics mentioned above. Because it is partially absorbed, Salatrim does not have the problems associated with Olestra. It does not have any laxative effects nor does it prevent the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids. 

Precursor and derived lipids These include fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, other alcohols, fatty aldehydes, and ketone bodies (Chapter 22), hydrocarbons, hpid-soluble vitamins, and hormones. 

Good quality fat with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are essential to health. These fat concentrates are the fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants. 

The stability of individual analytes within a matrix material is often quite variable. A good example is shown by NIST SRM 968b fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol in serum. The material must be shipped and stored at -8o°C. The SRM is certified for a range of vitamins, most of which are quite stable at -20°C, or even +4°C, but the beta-carotene and other components are not. It is therefore essential to ensure the material, if the carotene components are of interest, is shipped and stored correctly. 

R. Schonwitz and H. Ziegler, Exudation of water soluble vitamins and some carbohydrates by intact roots of maize seedlings Zea mays L.) into a mineral nutrient solution. Z. Planzenphysiol. 107 1 (1982). 

Lipids may be defined as a large group of molecules with a substantial portion of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon. Included are molecules with diverse chemical characteristics, such as the hydrocarbons, soaps, detergents, acylglycerols, steroids, phospholipids, sphin-golipids, and fat-soluble vitamins, and, subsequently, with diverse physical behavior. One of the most important characteristics of lipids from a biological aspect is their behavior in aqueous environments, as all cells exist in an aqueous milieu. In this respect, the lipids range from almost total insolubility to nearly complete solubility. 

No specific dietary restrictions are recommended for patients with IBD, but avoidance of high-residue foods in patients with strictures may help to prevent obstruction. Nutritional strategies in patients with long-standing IBD may include use of vitamin and mineral supplementation. Administration of vitamin B12, folic acid, fat-soluble vitamins, and iron may be needed to prevent or treat deficiencies. In severe cases, enteral or parenteral nutrition maybe needed to achieve adequate caloric intake. 

Bile acids secreted into the small intestine facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol. The majority of bile acids are reabsorbed from the intes-... 

The answer is c. (Hardman, p 924.) Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (docusate) is a detergent that, when given orally, softens the stool and prevents straining. Mineral oil also softens the stool, but it tends to inhibit the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other nutrients. Castor oil, phenol-phthalein, and cascara sagrada are strong laxatives and cause watery stools... 

Orlistat induces weight loss by lowering dietary fat absorption, and it also improves lipid profiles, glucose control, and other metabolic markers. Soft stools, abdominal pain or colic, flatulence, fecal urgency, and/or incontinence occur in 80% of individuals, are mild to moderate in severity, and improve after 1 to 2 months of therapy. Orlistat interferes with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and cyclosporine. 

B39. Brown, G. M., Biosynthesis of water soluble vitamins and derived coenzymes. Physiol. Revs. 40, 331-368 (1960). 

Cholestyramine use is not without limitations. It does not bind chlordecone alcohol, a metabolite of chlordecone that is also excreted in the bile (Guzelian 1981). It has a gritty texture in the mouth, and it causes several gastrointestinal disturbances, which may limit the willingness of patients to take it. It may also interfere with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and interact with other medications (Goldfrank 1990). 

IV Oil- and water-soluble vitamins One index water-soluble vitamin and one... 

Bile salts consist of taurine linked to bile acids. The salts are essential for digestion and absorption of fat and also of fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol. 

Because orlistat reduces the absorption of some fat-soluble vitamins and beta-carotene, counsel patients to take a multivitamin containing fat-soluble vitamins to ensure adequate nutrition. Instruct the patient to take the supplement once a day, at least 2 hours before or after the administration of orlistat, such as at bedtime. Doses greater than 120 mg 3 times a day have not been shown to provide additional benefit. 

The provision of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids is difficult, if not impossible, in various diseases. This is especially true for diseases that are accompanied by a lot of oxidative stress, for example, mucoviscidosis. The requirements of fat-soluble antioxidative substances are certainly high in these cases and can barely be covered by intramuscular injections because fat-soluble vitamins can hardly, if at all, be absorbed from oily preparations. Alternatively, the vitamins can administered via the buccal mucosa the fat-soluble substances have to be packaged in such a way that they can be transported in a watery compartment and are thus able to largely dissolve in the saliva. When they have an adequate size, they can then penetrate the buccal mucosa. One approach is the development of the so-called nanocolloids, that is, particles with a polar nucleus, in which the fat-soluble vitamin is dissolved, and an apolar wrapping (monolayer). This structure makes an oral application of fat-soluble substances possible. First tests demonstrated that vitamin A palmitate, a-tocopherol, as well as coenzyme Qio are thus able to enter the systemic circulation via the buccal mucosa. 

Fecal softeners are substances that are not absorbed from the alimentary canal and act by increasing the bulk of the feces and softening the stool so that it is easier to pass. Mineral oil has been in use for many years, either as the oil or as a white emulsion it is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons. Its use has been criticized for many reasons. It dissolves the fat-soluble vitamins and prevents their absorption. It is itself absorbed slightly and appears in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and if it is... 

Reviews published include a summary of progress in the chemistry and biology of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids over the past 10 years, chapters on carotenoids and hormones in filamentous fungi, and a survey of ionones, irones, and their derivatives in Nature."... 

Fat-soluble vitamins and related carotenes suffer complete destruction at sterilization doses (G8). As has been mentioned previously, there may be some connection between the peroxide value and bleaching of carotenoid pigments in fats. 

Chylomicrons are assembled in intestinal mucosal cells and cany dietary triacylglycerol, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesteryl esters (plus additional lipids made in these cells) to the peripheral tissues (Figure 18.16). 

Vitamin E is the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins, and no toxicity has been observed at doses of 300 mg/day. 

Many different kinds of milk and milk products are available (USDA 1978 NDC 1976,1983A, 1983B). Milk has two major components fat, including fat-soluble vitamins, and milk-solids-not-fat (MSNF), which contain protein, carbohydrate, water-soluble vitamins, and minerals. The specific nutrient contribution of each of these milk products is related largely to the concentrations of milk fat and MSNF of the product. If the percentages of milk fat and MSNF are known, the values in Table 7.2 may be used to determine the nutrient contribution of a particular milk product. 

For practical purposes, the nutritional quality of UHT milk is similar to that of conventionally pasteurized milk (Miller 1985 Arnold and Roberts 1982 Burton 1980, 1982 Renner 1980 Kosaric et al. 1981 Katz et al. 1981 Ford and Thompson 1981). As with conventionally pasteurized milk, the degree of heat treatment and the conditions of storage can affect the nutrient content of the milk (Burton 1980,1982 Renner 1980 Kosaric et al. 1981 Ford and Thompson 1981 Mehta 1980). However, careful controls on UHT processing, along with proper packaging, can ensure that the nutritional value of milk with regard to protein, fat, carbohydrate, fat-soluble vitamins, most water-soluble vitamins, and minerals is retained (Ford and Thompson 1981). 

The lipid fraction of foods containing the fat-soluble vitamins is composed mainly of triglycerides, with much smaller amounts of sterols, carotenoids, phospholipids, and minor li-poidal constituents. All of these substances exhibit solubility properties similar to those of the fat-soluble vitamins, and therefore they constitute a potential source of interference. A proportion of the indigenous fat-soluble vitamin content of a food is bound up with a lipoprotein complex, and hence the fat-protein bonds must be broken in order to release the vitamin. The protective gelatin coating used in certain proprietary vitamin premixes will need to be dissolved before commencing the analysis of supplemented foods. 

Enzymatic hydrolysis is a nondestructive alternative to saponification for removing triglycerides in vitamin K determinations. For the simultaneous determination of vitamins A, D, E, and K in milk- and soy-based infant formulas and dairy products fortified with these vitamins (81), an amount of sample containing approximately 3.5-4.0 g of fat was digested for 1 h with lipase at 37°C and at pH 7.7. This treatment effectively hydrolyzed the glycerides, but only partially converted retinyl palmitate and a-tocopheryl acetate to their alcohol forms vitamin D and phyllo-quinone were unaffected. The hydrolysate was made alkaline in order to precipitate the fatty acids as soaps and then diluted with ethanol and extracted with pentane. A final water wash yielded an organic phase containing primarily the fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol. 

HM Klaui, W Hausheer, G Huschke. Technological aspects of the use of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids and of the development of stabilized marketable forms. In RA Morton, ed. Fat-Soluble Vitamins. Oxford Pergamon Press, 1970, pp 113-159. 

CF, water-soluble vitamins and sodium benzoate HPLC-UV at 210 nm. Column Nucleosil Cl 8, T = 40°C. Mobile phase HzO, ACN, triethylamine, heptanesulfonate (pH = 2.8). 

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