Solubility fluids

A fourth alkalinity control additive is magnesium oxide [1309A8A], which is used in clay-free polymer-base fluids (47). Magnesium oxide provides an alkaline environment and, as it is only slightly soluble, also has a buffering effect. It enhances the thermal stabHity of polymer solutions by preventing a pH decrease to neutral or slightly acidic conditions at elevated temperatures. It is mainly appHed in completion or workover operations where clay-free acid-soluble fluids are desired. 

Phenolics Clear soluble fluids Black/white Slight Moderate/ Acid pH Protect skin and eyes Very irritant Adsorbed by rubber/plastic Greatly reduced by... 

Fig. 10.7 Structural formulae of phenolic disinfectants A, clear soluble fluids B, black and white fluids C, chlorinated phenols D, bisphenols.

The phenols from the higher boiling point fractions have greater antimicrobial activity but must be formulated so as to overcome their poor solubility. A range of solubilized and emulsified phenolic disinfectants are available including the clear soluble fluids,... 

Clear soluble fluids. Cresol is a mixture of o-, m- and p-methyl phenol (Fig. 10.7A). Because of its poor solubility, it is solubilized with a soap prepared fiom linseed oil and potassium hydroxide. It forms a clear solution on dilution. This preparation, known as Lysol (Cresol and Soap Solution BP 1968) has been widely used as a general purpose disinfectant but has largely been superseded by less irritant phenolies. 

The properties of the filter-cake formed by macroscopic particles can be significantly influenced by certain organic additives. The overall mechanism of water-soluble fluid loss additives has been studied by determining the electrophoretic mobility of filter-cake fines. Water-soluble fluid loss additives are... 

Fluid loss additives such as solid particles and water-thickening polymers may be added to the drilling mud to reduce fluid loss from the well bore to the formation. Insoluble and partially soluble fluid loss additives include bentonite and other clays, starch from various sources, crushed walnut hulls, lignite treated with caustic or amines, resins of various types, gilsonite, benzoic acid flakes, and carefully sized particles of calcium borate, sodium borate, and mica. Soluble fluid loss additives include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), low molecular weight hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxy-methYlhydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), and sodium acrylate. A large number of water-soluble vinyl copolymers and terpolymers have been described as fluid loss additives for drilling and completion fluids in the patent literature. However, relatively few appear to be used in field operations. 

Domariska, U. and Mazurowska, L., Solubility of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium chloride or hexafluorophosphate or methylsulfonate in organic solvents. Effect of the anions on solubility. Fluid Phase Equilib., 221, 73, 2004. 

Domariska, U. and Marciniak A., Phase behaviour of l-hexyloxymethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium and 1,3-dihexyloxymethyl-imidazolium based ionic liquids with alcohols, water, ketones and hydrocarbons The effect of cation and anion on solubility. Fluid Phase Equilib., 260, 9, 2007. 

In addition to the chemicals evaluated in this volume, some synthetic and soluble fluids may contain chlorinated paraffins, formaldehyde (see lARC, 1995a)-releasing biocides, microbial contaminants and metal and metal alloy contaminants (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1998). 

Park Mirer (1996) United States Industry-based proportionate mortality study 1870 decedents employed for > 2 years at two auto engine manufacturing plants 1966-87 1970-89 Population primarily exposed to soluble fluids. Different types of metalworking fluids examined in nested case-control analysis. 

Fischer, K. Gmehling, J. Further development, status and results of the PSRK method for the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria and gas solubilities. Fluid Phase Equilib. 1996, 121, 185-206. 

Clear soluble fluids, black fluids and white fluids... 

Concentration measurements of aqueous solutions of salt, sugar, antifreeze etc. Quality control of a number of industrial processes requires checking the concentration stability of different solutions and water soluble fluids. The off-line use of Abbe refractometers is sometimes an obstacle to real-time process control. Several researchers have tested different types of LPGs for the measurement of concentrations of aqueous solutions of sugar, salts, and antifreeze. Falciai et al. [16] used a UV written LPG (X = 1,530 nm, A - 400 pm) to measure concentrations of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) having refractive indices in the 1.32-1.42 range. In a later paper, Falciai et al. [17] also measured... 

Emulsions contain oil, such as mineral or compounded oil, usually in proportions of 3-10%, in the form of suspended droplets dispersed with the aid of emulsifiers. They are used where rapid heat removal is a major requirement. The additives used are usually rust inhibitors and EP additives. Water-based products, also known as water-soluble fluids, chemical fluids or synthetic fluids, do not contain oil, but only water-soluble chemicals. Water-based lubricants comprise, for example [88] the following ... 

In addition to water-soluble fluids, there are synthetic and semisynthetic fluids. According to Watanabe [3], the JIS (Japanese Standards Association) has three classes of water-soluble fluids. Type A1 (emulsion type) contains a base oil and the emulsifying agent and clouds when mixed with water. Type A2 (soluble type) contains surface active agents and is translucent when mixed. Type A3 is a chemical solution type it contains organic and inorganic carboxylic acids and is also translucent. Type A2 is most often used in automobile manufacturing plants. 

Perfluoropolymers have an extremely low degree of intermolecular interaction. Thus, the entropy of mixing is the dominant driving force for solubility. Fluids that have even weak enthalpic interactions with themselves are poorer solvents for perfluoropolymers. For example, aromatic and other unsaturated perfluorocarbons are poorer solvents than their saturated counterparts. Using... 

Lei, Z., Arlt, W. and Wasserscheid, R, Selection of entrainers in the 1-hexene/n-hexane system with a limited solubility. Fluid Phase Equilib. 260, 29-35 (2007). 

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