Aqueous solutions solubility

Rapid-acting cytotoxin that disrupts cell membranes in the liver (hepatoxin) causing an accumulation of blood in the liver. It is the most toxic of the Microcystins. It is a solid obtained from freshwater blue-green cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis cyanea). It is heat stable and water soluble. Aqueous solutions are "probably stable" and resistant to chlorine at 100 ppm. It is also soluble in alcohol and acetone. 

The compound dissolves in water and is very soluble. Aqueous solutions (pH = 4 to 7) undergo acid hydrolysis slowly at room temperature, the violet-red solution becoming... 

Osmarins are extremely soluble aqueous solutions containing up to 10% osmarin were used for solution density, partial specific volume, and viscosity measurements. The effect of the dissolved polymer upon the viscosity of the liquid is slight, even at the extreme concentration studied, indicating that, in aqueous solution, the polymers are generally spherical in shape. 

Based on pH profiles of solubility, aqueous solutions can be prepared by adjusting the pH with a suitable acid or base in... 

Ammonia is widely used as a refrigerant, a fertilizer, and a household and commercial cleaning agent. Anhydrous ammonia (NH3) is a highly irritating gas that is very water-soluble. Aqueous solutions of ammonia may be strongly alkaline, depending on the concentration. Solutions for household use are usually 5-10% ammonia, but commercial solutions may be 25-30% or more. The addition of ammonia to chlorine or hypochlorite solutions will produce chloramine gas, an irritant with properties similar to those of chlorine (see p 162). 

Aqueous Solutions and Solubility Aqueous solutions are mixtures of a substance dissolved in water. If a substance dissolves in water it is soluble. Otherwise, it is insoluble. 

Aqueous Solutions and Solubility Aqueous solutions are common. Oceans, lakes, and most of the fluids in our bodies are aqueous solutions. 

Colourless crystals m.p. I25°C, soluble in water and alcohol. In aqueous solution forms equilibrium with its lactones. Gluconic acid is made by the oxidation of glucose by halogens, by electrolysis, by various moulds or by bacteria of the Acetobacter groups. 

CH OfiSj, H2C(S03H)2- a colourless, crystalline solid which readily absorbs water vapour decomposes on distillation. The potassium salt is prepared by heating methylene chloride with an aqueous solution of potassium sulphite under pressure at 150-I60" C. The free acid is obtained by decomposing the sparingly soluble barium salt with sulphuric acid. The aryl esters are very stable, but the alkyl esters decompose on heating to give ethers. Resembles malonic acid in some of its reactions. 

Shultz M J, Sohnitzer C, Simonelli D and Baldelli S 2000 Sum-frequenoy generation speotrosoopy of the aqueous interfaoe ionio and soluble moleoular solutions Int Rev. Rhys. Chem. 19 123-53... 

In this relationship. S is alkane solubility, A is the cavity surface area and a is the hydrophobic free energy per unit area. Extensive fitting of this equation [24] yields a value of 88 kJ mol A for the proportionality constant a. This value corresponds to an unfavourable free energy of about 3.6 kJ mol for the transfer of a CH2 group to aqueous solution. 

Other solubilization and partitioning phenomena are important, both within the context of microemulsions and in the absence of added immiscible solvent. In regular micellar solutions, micelles promote the solubility of many compounds otherwise insoluble in water. The amount of chemical component solubilized in a micellar solution will, typically, be much smaller than can be accommodated in microemulsion fonnation, such as when only a few molecules per micelle are solubilized. Such limited solubilization is nevertheless quite useful. The incoriDoration of minor quantities of pyrene and related optical probes into micelles are a key to the use of fluorescence depolarization in quantifying micellar aggregation numbers and micellar microviscosities [48]. Micellar solubilization makes it possible to measure acid-base or electrochemical properties of compounds otherwise insoluble in aqueous solution. Micellar solubilization facilitates micellar catalysis (see section C2.3.10) and emulsion polymerization (see section C2.3.12). On the other hand, there are untoward effects of micellar solubilization in practical applications of surfactants. Wlren one has a multiphase... 

Like bromine, iodine is soluble in organic solvents, for example chloroform, which can be used to extract it from an aqueous solution. The iodine imparts a characteristic purple colour to the organic layer this is used as a test for iodine (p. 349). NB Brown solutions are formed when iodine dissolves in ether, alcohol, and acetone. In chloroform and benzene a purple solution is formed, whilst a violet solution is produced in carbon disulphide and some hydrocarbons. These colours arise due to charge transfer (p. 60) to and from the iodine and the solvent organic molecules. 

From the standpoint of thermodynamics, the dissolving process is the estabHsh-ment of an equilibrium between the phase of the solute and its saturated aqueous solution. Aqueous solubility is almost exclusively dependent on the intermolecular forces that exist between the solute molecules and the water molecules. The solute-solute, solute-water, and water-water adhesive interactions determine the amount of compound dissolving in water. Additional solute-solute interactions are associated with the lattice energy in the crystalline state. 

If the organic compound which is being steam-distilled is freely soluble in water, an aqueous solution will ultimately collect in the receiver F, and the compound must then be isolated by ether extraction, etc. Alternatively, a water-insoluble compound, if liquid, will form a separate layer in F, or if solid, will probably ciystallise in the aqueous distillate. When steam-distilling a solid product, it is sometimes found that the distilled material crystallises in E, and may tend to choke up the condenser, in such cases, the water should be run out of the condenser for a few minutes until the solid material has melted and been carried by the steam down into the receiver. 

Sodium dichromate is used instead of the potassium salt because it is far more soluble in water, and is not precipitated from its aqueous solution by addition of the ethanol. It is also cheaper than the potassium salt, but has the disadvantage of being deliquescent. 

These substances, having the formula CjHjNHCONH, and OC(NHCjH6)j respectively, are both formed when an aqueous solution of urea and aniline hydrochloride is heated. Their subsequent separation is based on the fact that diphenylurca is insoluble in boiling water, whereas monophenylurea is readily soluble. The formation of these compounds can be explained as follows. When urea is dissolved in water, a small proportion of it undergoes molecular rearrangement back to ammonium cyanate, an equilibrium thus being formed. 

If an ethanolic solution of picric acid is similarly added to one of aniline, no precipitation occurs, owing to the high solubility of aniline picrate in ethanol. If, however, a cold aqueous solution of aniline hydrochloride is added to a similar solution of sodium picrate and the mixture shaken, yellow crystals of aniline picrate, m.p. 165 , soon separate. 

Detection of Potassium in the presence of Sodium. Add a cold saturated aqueous solution of sodium picrate to a solution of potassium chloride. A rapid precipitation of the less soluble potassium picrate occurs, even from a i°o solution of potassium chloride. 

Aromatic sulphonic acids are frequently difficult to obtain pure, since they almost invariably decompose on attempted distillation, and many are very soluble in water such aqueous solutions on being concentrated often give syrupy solutions from which the sulphonic acid crystallises with difficulty. 

Diazonium compounds are usually very soluble in water, and cannot be readily isolated, since on warming their aqueous solutions, decomposition occurs with the formation of a phenol ... 

Pure phenol is a colourless crystalline substance, having m.p. 43°, and b.p. 182° on exposure to air, it slowly sublimes, and on exposure to light, develops a pink colour. It has a characteristic odour, and a limited solubility in water. Phenol in dilute aqueous solution has strongly antiseptic properties, but the crystalline substance should not be allowed to come in contact with the skin, as it may cause severe blistering. 

Both chloramine-T and dichloramine-T have marked antiseptic properties, chloramine-T being most frequently used because of its solubility in water. Aqueous solutions of chloramine-T can be used either for external application, or for internal application to the mouth, throat, etc, as chloramine-T in moderate quantities is non-toxic its aqueous solution can also be effectively used when the skin has come in contact with many of the vesicant liquid poison-gases, as the latter are frequently organic sulphur or arsenic derivatives which combine with or are oxidised by chloramine-T and are thus rendered harmless. 

Arylarsonic acids have usually a very low solubility in cold water. They are however amphoteric, since with, for example, sodium hydroxide they form sodium salts as above and with acids such as hydrochloric acid they form salts of the type [CaHjAsCOHljlCl. Both types of salt are usually soluble in water, and to isolate the free acid the aqueous solution has to be brought to the correct pH for most arsonic acids this can be achieved by niaking the solution only just acid to Congo Red, when the free acid will usually rapidly separate. 

Acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, b.p. 21°, is generally used in aqueous solution, which has also a characteristic odour paraldehyde, (CH3CHO)3, is a liquid polymer, b.p. 124°, slightly soluble in water, odour similar to that of acetaldehyde, but less intense. Chloral, CCI3CHO, a liquid, is almost invariably encountered as the stable solid hydrate , CCl3CH(OH)2, m.p. 57 . Both have a characteristic odour the hydrate is readily soluble in water. 

Note, (a) Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde give these addition products, which are so soluble that they rarely separate this reaction is therefore an unsatisfactory test for these aldehydes. (6) These addition products are also formed by ketones (p. 345). 

Physical properties. Majority are liquids except p toluidine and 1- and 2-naphthylamine. All are colourless when pure, but rapidly darken on exposure to air and light. All are very sparingly soluble in water, but dissolve readily in dilute mineral acids (except the naphthyl-amines, which are only moderately soluble in adds). They form colourless crystalline salts e.g., CjHjNH2,HCl) which are soluble in water these aqueous solutions usually have an add reaction owing to hydrolysis, and give the reactions of both the amine and the acid from which they are derived. Addition of alkali to the acid solution liberates the amine. 

Physical Properties. Glycine is a colourless crystalline solid soluble in water. Owing to the almost equal opposing effects of the amino and the carboxylic groups. its aqueous solution is almost neutral (actually, slightly acidic to phenolphthalein) and glycine is therefore known as a neutral ampholyte. f It exhibits both acidic and basic properties. 

Note the obvious physical properties appearance, colour, state, odour, solubility in (or reaction with) water, whether aqueous solution is neutral or otherwise. 

---