Solids inductively coupled plasma-mass

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

Laser based mass spectrometric methods, such as laser ionization (LIMS) and laser ablation in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) are powerful analytical techniques for survey analysis of solid substances. To realize the analytical performances methods for the direct trace analysis of synthetic and natural crystals modification of a traditional analytical technique was necessary and suitable standard reference materials (SRM) were required. Recent developments allowed extending the range of analytical applications of LIMS and LA-ICP-MS will be presented and discussed. For example ... 

Moens L, Verreft P, Boonen S, Vanhaecke F and Dams R (1995) Solid sampling electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta 508 463-475. Mooijman KA, In t Veld PH, Hoekstra JA, Heisterkamp SH, Havelaar AH, Notermans SHW, Roberts D, Griepink B, Maier E (1992) Development of Microbiological Reference Materials. European Commission Report EUR 14375 EN, Community Bureau of Reference, Brussels. 

Becker JS, Pickhardt C, Dietze H-J (2000) Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the trace, ultratrace and isotope analysis of long-lived radionuclides in solid samples. Inti J Mass Spectrom 202 283-297... 

Pd removal was determined as follows. An aliquot of a representative liquid or solid sample was accurately weighed and subsequently digested by refluxing in nitric and/or hydrochloric acid using a closed vessel microwave procedure (CEM MARS5 Xpress or Milestone Ethos EZ). Cooled, digested samples were diluted, matrix matched to standards, and referenced to a linear calibration curve for quantitation an internal standard was employed to improve quantitation. All samples were analyzed by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer or ICP/MS (Perkin Elmer SCIEX Elan DRCII) operated in the standard mode. 

Fig. 2. Solid-phase arsenic in ppm versus depth in m from a continuous core. The core consists of clayey silt to depth of 28 m, and fine sand thereafter with a silt horizon at 34 m depth. As was measured by digestion with an HCI-HNO3-H2O aqua regia solution followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis.

Watmough, S.A., Hutchinson, T. C., and Evans, R. D. (1998). Development of solid calibration standards for trace elemental analyses of tree rings by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology 32 2185-2190. 

Laser ablation followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [127] has been used to determine down to 0.2pg g 1 of arsenic and antimony in solid sediments. 

Shah M, Meija J, Cabovska B, Caruso JA (2006) Determination of phosphoric acid triesters in human plasma using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1103 329-336... 

In inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, isobaric interference occurs between species with the same mass and charge. Interference can be eliminated if the mass spectral resolution is sufficiently great or by dissociating an interfering polyatomic species with a collision cell. When laser ablation is used to sample a solid, matrix-matched standards are often necessary for quantitative analysis. 

E. R. Denoyer, K. J. Fredeen, and J. W. Hager, Laser Solid Sampling for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 1991,63, 445A ... 

The analyses were carried out at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, IL. The instrumentation is a Varian inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) equivalent to the actual Varian 810 instrument. A New Wave UP213 laser is connected to the ICP-MS for direct introduction of solid samples. 

Truscott, J. B., Jones, P., Fairman, B. E., and Evans, E. H., Determination of actinide elements at femtogram per gram levels in environmental samples by on-line solid phase extraction and sector-field-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 433, 245-253, 2001. 

Unsworth, E. R., Cook, J. M., and Hill, S. J., Determination of uranium and thorium in natural waters with a high matrix concentration using solid-phase extraction inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 442, 141-146, 2001. 

Ren and Salin [36] showed that direct analysis of solid samples is possible, by using furnace vaporisation with Freon modification and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The relative standard deviations obtained for several metals in marine reference sediments varied from 3 to 15%. 

Van Laecke et al. [37] determined arsenic in solid plant material by electro-vaporisation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Use of an internal standard (antimony) is important when obtaining accurate results. 

Moens, L., DeSmaele, T., Dams, R., VandenBroeck, R and Sandra, P. (1997) Sensitive, simultaneous determination of organomercury, -lead, and -tin compounds with headspace solid phase microextraction capillary gas chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 69, 1604—1611. 

The availability of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) has provided a method of detection of many impurities at very low concentrations directly in the organometallic compound itself. ICP mass spectrometry is a relatively recently developed chemical analysis technique that is useful in the detection of trace element concentrations in a liquid or solid matrix. ICPMS can measure the presence of almost all elements simultaneously, thus giving a detailed, semiquantitative picture of the impurity distribution in the sample. This technique has sensitivities for many elements in the parts-per-billion to parts-per-trillion range. It has the advantage that it is extremely sensitive and can analyze small samples (10 ml or less) of organometallics directly. The ICPMS technique employs a plasma to dissociate the material to be characterized into... 

Institute of Science and Technology has been described by Bowers et al [3]. A recent report describes using isotope dilution to calibrate analysis of solid samples using electrothermal vaporization with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [4]. 

Z. Mester, J. Earn, R. Sturgeon, J. Pawliszyn, Determination of methylmercury by solid-phase microextraction inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry a new sample introduction method for volatile metal species, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 15 (2000), 837 D 842. 

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is one of the most significant analytical advances to occur in the last 20 years as it allows multielement analysis of solutions and solids to be performed at subnanogram concentrations. Instrumental advances have occurred such that Quadrupole (Q) ICP-MS units are now in routine use in many laboratories. In this chapter, the use of Q-ICP-MS and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ICP-MS is discussed as regards the quantification of total As and As species in seafood. To highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the use of ICP-MS, data are used that were mainly produced in the laboratories of the authors of this chapter. 

A. P. Vonderheide, M. Montes-Bayon, J. A. Caruso, Solid-phase microextraction as a sample preparation strategy for the analysis of seleno amino acids by gas chromatography D inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,Analyst, 127 (2002), 49D53. 

Ambushe, A.A., McCrindle, R.I., McCrindle, C.M.E. Speciation of chromium in cow s milk by solid-phase extraction/dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). JAAS 24, 502-507 (2009)... 

Mester, Z., Sturgeon, R.E., Lam, J.W. Sampling and determination of metal hydrides by solid phase microextraction thermal desorption inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 15, 1461-1465 (2000)... 

Vanhaecke, F., Resano, M., Pruneda-Lopez, M., Moens, L. Determination of platinum and rhodium in environmental matrices by solid sampling electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 74, 6040-6048 (2002)... 

As mass spectrometry has continued to gain sensitivity and reliability, inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has become increasingly useful in the measurement of radionuclides. The optimization of ICP-MS is improving our ability to use the atomic detection of radionuclides in that it allows the near-complete isotopic analysis of any form of sample. Aqueous samples are generally introduced into the plasma source, and solids or individual particles, and organic solutions, may be atomized and continuously introduced into the plasma source. 

Baumann, H., Solid sampling with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry—a survey. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 342 (1992) 907. 

---