Sensitivity Gain

The process gain (sensitivity) can be determined from steady-state values, and using these values can reduce the work required by the parameter estimation routines later. For narrow ranges of temperature, the following formulas for steady-state temperatures should be adequate ... 

Speciation involves a number of discrete analytical steps comprising the extraction (isolation) of the analytes from a solid sample, preconcentration (to gain sensitivity), and eventually derivatisation (e.g. for ionic compounds), separation and detection. Various problems can occur in any of these steps. The entire analytical procedure should be carefully controlled in such a way that decay of unstable species does not occur. For speciation analysis, there is the risk that the chemical species can convert so that a false distribution is determined. In general, the accuracy of the determinations and the trace-ability of the overall analytical process are insufficiently ensured [539]. 

Sample volume overloading can also reduce efficiency—for example, when the sample plug length is wider than the zone length determined by diffusion. This liability of high injectable volumes is often ignored, and efficiency is intentionally sacrificed to gain sensitivity. 

As mass spectrometry has continued to gain sensitivity and reliability, inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has become increasingly useful in the measurement of radionuclides. The optimization of ICP-MS is improving our ability to use the atomic detection of radionuclides in that it allows the near-complete isotopic analysis of any form of sample. Aqueous samples are generally introduced into the plasma source, and solids or individual particles, and organic solutions, may be atomized and continuously introduced into the plasma source. 

In conclusion, three factors are very important to microtechniques in infrared spectrophotometry. First, in order to gain sensitivity, an eflB-cient transfer of the sample to the usable energy beam of the spectrophotometer must be achieved. Microtechniques strictly limit the amount of allowable contamination from such sources as the sample, solvents, sorbents, reagents, atmosphere, handling, and the like. 

Although this R-HPLC design was very reliable and useful in our studies, we were sometimes limited by the lower sensitivity of the coincidence circuitry. It may be advantageous to design future systems with a J3 detector to gain sensitivity. 

Many of the dynamic processes occurring on the electrode surface take place without the accompanying electron transfer process. Such processes can be represented by adsorption-desorption or change of electric dipole orientation. We need to gain sensitive access to the non-faradaic processes to track the non-fara-daic dynamics of molecular assembhes on electrode surfaces. The following non-faradaic processes can be the targets of the ER measurements. 

In particular, if changes in fresh feed composition load the reactor excessively —that is, beyond its ability to provide the required conversion—then the separator/ recycle system will be called on to make up the deficiency. For the case where extra reactor capacity is available through an increase in the reactor level, the particular choice of level/flow control structure within the recycle loop can radically affect plant gains (sensitivities). In the following, we assume that the reactor design is fixed and its level is set at less than full capacity. The question to be considered is how alternative designs of the level and flow loops mitigate the effect of fresh feed flow rate or composition disturbances. 

Looking farther into the future several years from, now we plan to deploy an even larger aperture telescope - something around 2.5 meters in diameter. The increased aperture can be used to gain sensitivity, spatial resolution, or a bit of eadi. Sudi an instrument, equipped with a million pixd camera would be an extraordinary tool for observational cosmology and the study of the origins of galaxies and stars. 

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