Solid laser

Several polyheterocyclic compounds containing a condensed 1,2,4-triazole nucleus, such as 3,5-disubstituted thiazolo [2,3-r][ 1,2,4] triazoles, are thermostabilizers for polypropylene and polycaproamide <2003MI2>. Triazolo[3,4-A][l,3]benzothiazoledicarbonitrile derivatives are used to prepare hexazocyclanes-fluorophores as active media for liquid and solid lasers, scintillators, and for transformation of short-wave radiation to long-wave radiation <2004RUP2238276>. 

The single-mode laser naturally gives less output power than a multimode laser with the same active volume since its induced emission is concentrated into a smaller frequency range. This loss in intensity, however, is much less than one would expect from the ratio of linewidths or from the reduction in oscillating mode number 3i. 32,41) jbis is due to the fact, that not only atoms with the exact transition frequency can contribute to the induced emission, but also those inside the homogeneous linewidth which is determined by collision processes in the case of gas lasers or by crystal line broadening in solid lasers... 

The frequency of solid-laser lines can often be tuned by temperature variationa) s for the ruby line where a shift of 20 cm has been obtained by varying the temperature between 77 °K and 300 °K. Semiconductor lasers can be frequency tuned by applying a variable mechanical pressure to the junction in the laser diode... 

Both processes involve the generation of radiation which is unidirectional, highly monochromatic and coherent. The latter feature describes the in-phase nature of the wavelets and, hence the high intensities that can be achieved with solid lasers... 

Figure 9 The pSL system includes an UV solid laser, a beam delivery system, computer controlled precision x y z stage and a CAD design tool, and in situ process monitoring system.

Those rates are inherent to any specific set of levels and determined by the nature of the atomic structure for that species and electron configuration. The natural linewidth can vary anywhere from 10 Hz in the infi ared to 10 Hz in the soft X-ray spectral region, and the actual linewidth can increase to as high as lO -lO Hz or more if col-lisional broadening occurs in high-density liquid or solid laser materials. 

Nd YAG neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet, (a typical solid laser... 

Table 1 briefly summarizes the recent information about the visible and IR light sources used in main groups in the world. It is expected that SFG spectroscopy will be widely employed in more labs such as physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and biophysics if the ultrashort all-solid laser systems become cheaper and reliable. 

Barnes, N. P. (1995). Transition Metal Solid-lasers. In Tunable Lasers Handbook. E. J. Duarte (Ed.). Academic, New York, pp. 219-291. 

Sheik-Bahae, M., Epstein, R.I., 2009. Laser cooling of solids. Laser Photonics Rev. 3 (1-2), 67-84. 

Lasers are utilised as a universal tool for sampling solids. Laser desorption and volatilisation found their way to applications such as interfacing TLC to GC and to MS. In laser desorption material transport across the surface is negligible. Laser volatilisation is characterised by considerable transport of mass, momentum, and energy and occasional plasma formation. 

Rings, S., Sievers, R., and Jansen, M. (1999) Analysis of the spatial distribution of the constituting elements in amorphous solids laser ablation with ICP spectrometry. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 363,165-73. 

---