Solid couplings

Solid coupling with flexible intermediate shaft... 

Obviously, large turbotrains require modern coupling anangements. At least one manufacturer, Sulzer-Roteq, makes extensive use of solid couplings between compressors and expanders. The thrust bearing is usually located in the low-pressure compressor. 

A number of coupling options exist with motor drivers. The main gear is often equipped with a simple shoulder bearing, does not have thrust collars, and is connected to the compressor train with a solid coupling. Other manufacturers opt to use flexible couplings and conventional thrust bearings. 

Coupling Reactions with Solid Coupling Reagents. This procedure includes a step where J, is converted to structure 2 by heating the polymerization reaction mixture the procedure for the coupling step also applies to normal 1. 

Use of the "nitric acid-inorganic solid" couple without trapping of the water produced... 

Use of the "nitric acid - inorganic solid" couple with trapping of produced water... 

Replacement of sulfuric acid in "mixed acid" aromatic nitrations by inorganic solids, with accumulation or elimination of produced water results in a fundamental different behaviour of the "HN03 - solid" couple. If water accumulates, nitric acid becomes a selective oxidative coupling agent, whereas when water is eliminated efficiently, nitric acid alone behaves as a strong nitrating agent, with increased paraselectivity as compared to the sulfo-nitric system. 

The full 3D fluid-structure-fracture (FSF) model has been first developed to simulate rapid crack propagation in plastic pipes [6], and is adopted in the present work. Apart from fluid-solid coupling issues described elsewhere [3,4,7], there are two main issues that require special care in order to develop predictive model of failures of plastic containers ... 

In Eq. (1), Fm is the momentum accommodation factor and has a value close to unity for the gas-solid couples used most commonly in engineering, and is also taken so in this work. In Eq. (2), Ts is the temperature of the fluid molecules at the wall, T is the wall temperature, y is the ratio of the specific heats of the fluid, and Ft is the thermal accommodation factor. Ft may take a value in the range O.O-I.O, depending on the gas and solid surface, the gas temperature and pressure, the temperature difference between the gas and the surface, and is determined experimentally. 

Porphyrin Pyrrole ortho meta para -CH2- Herr0 K gef 0 K Nature of (CDjClj) (solid) coupling (Up) (up) in solution Ref. 

Dong P and Xu X. 1998. Mathematical Models for Fluid-Solid Coupling in Reservoir and its Finite Element Method Equations. ACTA Petrolesi Sinica, 1998,19(l) 64-70... 

Fan X, Xu X and Zhang S. 2001. Aruilysis on changes of stress, strain, porosity and permeability in multiphase reservoir with fluid solid coupled and geomechanical mathematic simulation. Rock Soil Mechanics, 22(1), pp. 47-50. 

Liu J, Zhang S and Liu X. 2002. Theory of fluid-solid coupling theory and numerical simulation in fractured low permeability oil reservoir. ACTA Mechanics Sinica, 31(19), pp. 392-398. 

Wang Y, Liu J, Yang J and Zeng M. 2001b. Simulation of fluid-solid coupling for flow of coalbed methane. J. of China Coal Society, 26(3), pp. 285-289. 

Xu Z and Xu X. 1999a. Liquid-solid coupled problem of the flow in confined strata under two dimensional in-situ stresses. Chinese J. of Rock Mech. Engng., 18(6), pp. 645-650. 

Likely, the intact dense sands involved (porosities 25-32%), though cohesionless, cannot liquefy or erode from an intact face because of strong dilation and arching. Sanding is viewed as a liquid-solid coupling process that takes the geological material progressively from an intact dense state to a dilute particulate suspension. 

In Biot formalism, there exist several assumptions that restrict its generality and make true liquid-solid coupling impossible. Biot assumed that for a REV in a multiphasic porous medium, a single energy functional could be stipulated to define the energy state. It has been shown that for N continuous contiguous phases, N functionals are needed to fully describe behavior. (For example, simultaneous countercurrent flow of two immiscible liquids is evidence that at least two separate energy functionals are needed.)... 

APPLICATION OF FLUID-SOLID COUPLING THEORY IN OIL FIELD CASING... 

The numerical solution method for the above fluid-solid coupling model is an iterative computation process. To reduce the computational complexity, the solid deformation and fluid flow are regarded as two coupled equation systems, solved by FEM. The equilibrium in solid matrix is solved using Eq.(6) with an added coupling item apS j and the pore pressure is treated as an equivalent initial stress term. The flow equation (5) is solved with an added term of volume strain, reflecting the effect of solid deformation on fluid flow. It can be treated as a source or converge. In each iterative loop, the solid matrix deformation is solved firstly. The stress and strain results are then taken as inputs for the flow calculation with modified hydraulic parameters. After flow model is solved, the pore pressure values are transferred into solid matrix deformation model and begins next iterative loop. In this way, the flow and deformation of oil reservoir can be simulated. 

The application of fluid-solid coupling theory to casing damages in this paper has revealed their mechanisms in the development zone of Daqing oil field. The numerical simulations have helped establish practical measures for protection of casings in the area. 

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF GAS-SOLID COUPLING OF COAL CONTAINING GAS... 

An alternative electrolyte composed of methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H) and lead methanesulfonate has been proposed to address this problem [96], In this case, the redox reaction at the Pb02 electrode becomes solid/solvated ions in methanesulfonic acid-based electrolyte instead of a solid/solid couple in H2SO4 electrolyte [96] ... 

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