Solid-state cultivation

Villas-Boas, S. G., Esposito, E., and Mendonca, M. M. (2002). Novel lignocellulolytic ability of Candida utilis during solid state cultivation on apple pomace. World. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18,541-545. 

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of a solid-state cultivation system for cellulase production [31]...

Almanza S, Durand A, Renaud R, Maratray J, Diez M (1995) Laboratory scale reactor for aseptic solid state cultivation. Biotechnol Tech 9 395-400... 

Other terms have been used to describe solid-state fermentation and related processes, such as solid-phase fermentation, solid-state cultivation, solid-substrate fermentation, and moist solids fermentation. Also, some workers have used the term solid-state fermentation to describe processes which have significant amounts of free water. Moo-Young et al. [4] proposed use of the more general term solid-substrate fermentation to describe any process in which solid particles of substrate are involved, regardless of the amount of free water. Solid-substrate fermentations therefore include solid-state fermentations and other processes with increasing amounts of water a solid matrix with an aqueous phase leaching through it, slurries of solid particles, and solids suspended in an aqueous phase. 

Heck JX, Hertz PF, Ayub MAZ. (2005b). Extraction optimization of xylanases obtained by solid-state cultivation of Bacillus circulans BL53. Process Biochem, 40, 2891-2895. 

Stationary solid state cultivation on the surface of solid substrates soaked by a liquid medium has been reported by Trejo Hernandez et al. (1992) and Trejo Hernandez and Lonsane (1993). In these studies, growth and production of... 

In most bioprocessing situations cells and biocatalysts are submerged and suspended in a broth that sustains live cultures and dissolves the chemicals that are being modified by the action of the biocatalyst. Bioreactors for submerged processing are generally quite different from those used in solid-state cultivation. Solid-state fermentations... 

Parfene, G., Horincar, V. B., Tyagi, A. K., Malik, A. Bahrim, G. (2013). Production of medium ehain saturated fatty acids with enhanced antimicrobial activity from cmde coconut fat by solid state cultivation of Yarrowia lipolytica. Food. Chem., 136, 1345 -1349. 

The wood-decaying basidiomycetes of white-rot t)q)e are the most efficient microorganisms in depolymerization and lignin mineralization. [157, 68, 69, 62]. The enz mies and lignin degradation by WRF has been broadly studied in liquid cultivations [120], and in solid-state cultivations. 

Biotechnological transformation is powerful tool to effectively utilize a broad variety of plant oils, with the aim to modify their structure for the production of new lipid-based materials with demanded properties and functions. One method of plant oil transformation is based on the direct utilization by microorganisms. Employed oils can be converted to aimed compounds by submerged cultivation or oils, and/or oleaginous plant materials can be utilized during solid state fermentation to useful bioproducts enriched with demanded microbial products. Another biotransformation technique covers the enzymatic modification of oil components to structured lipids with biological properties. 

Mizumoto, S., Hirai, M., and Shoda, M. (2006). Production of lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A using soybean curd residue cultivated with Bacillus subtilis in solid-state fermentation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72, 869-875. 

Hsu, F. L., Wang, P. M., Lu, S. Y., and Wu, W. T. 2002. A combined solid-state and submerged cultivation integrated with adsorptive product extraction for production of Monascus red pigments. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 25(3), 165-168. 

Protease Production Profile by Solid-State Fermentation Mediums containing 10 g of wheat bran hydrated with 15 mL of nutrient solution, to approximately 60% moisture, were sterilized (I20°C/40 min) in 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks. The mediums were inoculated with mycelial suspension ftom each fungus and cultivated at 45°C for 8 days. Samples were taken every 24 h. The crude enzyme solution was obtained by adding 25 mL of water to the fermented material. Solids were removed by filtering through Whatman no. I filter paper and centrifuging at 10,000 rpm/20 min, and finally, the clear solution was assayed. 

Solid state fermentation (SSF) can be used to produce the majority of industrial enzymes used currently. It is mainly suited for cultivation of fungi but can also be used with bacteria e.g bacillus sp. to produce thermostable amylase (1). 

Moreover, Crestini et al. (1996) reported that the yields of chitosan, viz., 120mg/L of fermentation medium under liquid fermentation conditions, and 6.18g/kg of fermentation medium under solid-state fermentation conditions are produced from the mushrotxn, L. edodes. Based on this data, it can be conad-ered that the cultivation of mushroom on solid support, which is the natural growing method of mushroom, might be the best cultivation method for the production of chitin and chitosan from mushrooms. The yield of extracted chitin and chitosan depends on mushroom species, harvesting time, and chitin and chitosan extraction processes and conditions (POchanavanich and Suntomsuk 2002, Yai and Man 2007a). 

Cunha FM, Esperanga MN, Zangirolami TC, Badino AC, Farinas CS. (2012). Sequential solid-state and submerged cultivation of Aspergillus niger on sugarcane bagasse for the production of cellulase. Bioresour Technol, 112, 270-274. 

Tempeh, a popular fermented food eaten as a meat substitute, is made in a solid-state fermentation bioreactor by cultivating the fungus Rhizopus oUgosporus on cooked soybeans. The fungus binds the soybeans into compact cakes that are fried and packaged to sell to the public. 

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