Cultivation methods

Cultivation methods must be the same as in normal local commercial practice. 

Species and variety of the crop and the cultivation method employed may have a significant impact on the residue pattern. Therefore, the selection, sowing, planting, treatment, and care of the crops should be described in detail and should reflect the methods typical of the region in question. 

The continuous regime of poly(3HB) production has some important advantages. High and constant productivities are obtainable because high rates of growth and product formation can be maintained over long periods. Continuous cultivation methods are also convenient for the use of toxic substrates, and constant product quality should be easily obtained. 

This cultivation method is defined by a limited number of passages or population doublings which must not be exceeded during production. The maximum number of cell doublings, or passage levels, during which the manufacturing process routinely meets the criteria described below, must be stated. 

By this cultivation method the number of passages or population doublings is not restricted from the beginning of production. Criteria for the harvesting as well as for the termination of production have to be defined by the manufacturer. Monitoring is necessary throughout the life of the culture the required frequency and type of monitoring will depend on the nature of the production system and the product. 

Cultivation method Fermentation Fermentation Fermentation (suspension cells) Roller bottle (adherence cells)... 

Figure 4.12. Configuration of large-scale, cell cultivation methods for pharmaceutical scale production...

The selected species of ginseng and the cultivation methods are of utmost importance. 

Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) is cultivated for its red stigmatic lobes that constitute saffron. This plant blooms only once a year and the manual harvest of stigmas should be performed within a very short time. The manual cultivation methods practiced with saffron contribute greatly to its high price. Furthermore, weather conditions affect the quality of saffron. 

Therefore, an indoor cultivation system was established in Japan nearly 80 years ago [1]. The stigmas can be collected from full blooming C. sativus in the room, Fig. (1) resulted that the concentration of crocin reached approximately 30 % in ethanol extracts of saffron [1]. This is the reason why the indoor cultivation method is advantageous for the achievement of a high quality and homogenous saffron and for saving time. 

Lim W, Mudge K, Vermeylen F. 2005. Effects of population, age, and cultivation methods on ginsenoside content of wild American ginseng (Panax uinquefolium). J Agric Food Chem 53 8498-8585. 

In industrial-scale productions, submerged and surface-cultivation methods are routinely applied whereas an immobilized-cell technique for the production of vitamin C has only recently been reported. 

Several modifications of the method are described in the literature (Artursson and Karlsson 1991 Hidalgo and Borchardt 1989 and many others). Modifications include cell culture medium, time of cultivation and frequence of medium change, variations of trypsinization methods and others. In an industrial environment cell cultivation methods are maintained over many years constant to reduce variability and ensure constant results in quality assessment protocols. Additionally to quality control parameters like TEER and permeability markers expression levels of major enzymes and transporters are checked. 

Weed control has to depend to a greater extent on cultivation methods and a greater understanding of weed species is needed than in circumstances where they can simply be sprayed out of existence. Pests and diseases may also be affected by cultivation methods but interactions with other organisms are of enormous importance. 

Genomic studies disclosed that many of those uncultivable microbes contain the potential to produce new secondary metabolites and there are a variety of routes to access this pool of novel natural products. For example, the community DNA gene clusters can be isolated and the genetic information for secondary metabolism expressed in heterologous hosts.45 47 A more rewarding approach may be to focus on improved cultivation methods.40,48... 

The examples provided in this Chapter demonstrate that directed evolution resembles a very useful tool to create enzyme activities hardly accessible by means of rational protein design (Table 14.1). Even if the desired substrate specificity is known from other biocatalysts - e.g. phospholipase A1 activity - the advantage of the directed evolution approach resides in the already achieved functional expression of a particular protein. Thus bottlenecks arising from the identification of enzymes by traditional screening and cultivation methods can be circumvented. In addition, directed evolution can dramatically reduce the time required for the provision of a suitable tailor-made enzyme, also because cloning and functional expression of the biocatalyst has already been achieved. 

Populations of heterotrophs (both aerobic and anaerobic) were determined by a cultivation method on the nutrient agar with 7 day incubation at 26 C. The ammonifying, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, as well as those oxidizing hydrocarbons were determined on liquid media as a most probable number. The ammonifying bacteria were determined on nutrient broth by employing the... 

To control all 3 of these diseases, also use cultivation methods that help prevent fungal infections. Maintain good air circulation by selecting a sunny, well-drained site. Each fall, remove diseased or crowded canes at ground level. Prune when plants are dry and rain is not expected for the next 3 days. For persistent fungal infection, apply lime-sulfur spray just as leaf buds break in the spring. 

After alveolar type I cell injury, alveolar type II cell proliferation plays a pivotal role in lung repair [12], Since they maintain their proliferative capability after isolation, alveolar type II cells were also used in proliferation studies [145-147]. There is also evolving evidence that alveolar type II cells trans-differentiation and proliferation play a pivotal role in pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [148]. This aspect will further increase the importance of improved cultivation methods for primary cultivate alveolar type II cells in future. 

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