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Enzymes uses in industry

There are 12 categories of enzymes used in industrial processing, with 30 different activity types in common use. When it is considered that several thousand different enzymes have been identified and characterized, the future for new processing aids is promising (3i). [Pg.65]

Enzymes are proteins that are synthesized in the cells of plants, animals, or microorganisms. Most enzymes used in industrial applications are now obtained from microorganisms. Cofactors or coenzymes are small, heat-stable, organic molecules that may readily dissociate from the protein and can often be removed by dialysis. These coenzymes frequently contain one of the B vitamins examples are tetrahydrofolic acid and thiamine pyrophosphate. [Pg.287]

Returning to the resolution of amines, an enzymatic acylation of racemic amines in aqueous solution by a penicillin acylase (enzymes used in industry in the synthesis of penicillins) from Alicaligenes faecalis has recently been reported.40 The best acylating agent is the amide 161 of phenylacetic acid. There is a big advantage here. Unlike the ester formations and hydrolysis we discussed earlier, no amide exchange occurs with simple amides like 161. The amide (/ )-162 was formed in 45% yield and 98.5% ee. Once it has been separated from free (S)-2, it can be hydrolysed to free (R)-2 with the same enzyme This automatically perfects the ee. [Pg.463]

Enzymes used in solution are usually present at high dilutions and so are difficult to recover. For this reason, the enzymes used in industry are being increasingly immobilized on carriers. Immobilization can be achieved by encapsulation, microencapsulation, covalent bonds, adsorption, or cross-linking (Figure 30-3). [Pg.545]

Table 13.1 Classification of enzymes used in industrial processes S. No. Class Industrial enzymes... Table 13.1 Classification of enzymes used in industrial processes S. No. Class Industrial enzymes...
Bulk Enzymes. Enzymes such as proteases, amylases, glucose isomerases, and rennin are used in food processing. Similarly proteases and Hpases are used in detergents. CeUulases and xylanases are used in the paper pulp industry. The genes for most of the enzymes used in the various commercial processes have been cloned and overexpressed. Rennin (chymosin) produced from E. coli and A. nigerhas been approved by FDA for use in the dairy industry. [Pg.249]

In the early years of the chemical industry, use of biological agents centered on fermentation (qv) techniques for the production of food products, eg, vinegar (qv), cheeses (see Milk and milk products), beer (qv), and of simple organic compounds such as acetone (qv), ethanol (qv), and the butyl alcohols (qv). By the middle of the twentieth century, most simple organic chemicals were produced synthetically. Fermentation was used for food products and for more complex substances such as pharmaceuticals (qv) (see also Antibiotics). Moreover, supports were developed to immobilize enzymes for use in industrial processes such as the hydrolysis of starch (qv) (see Enzyme applications). [Pg.113]

A primary goal of this chapter is to learn how to achieve control over the pH of solutions of acids, bases, and their salts. The control of pH is crucial for the ability of organisms—including ourselves—to survive, because even minor drifts from the optimum value of the pH can cause enzymes to change their shape and cease to function. The information in this chapter is used in industry to control the pH of reaction mixtures and to purify water. In agriculture it is used to maintain the soil at an optimal pH. In the laboratory it is used to interpret the change in pH of a solution during a titration, one of the most common quantitative analytical technique. It also helps us appreciate the basis of qualitative analysis, the identification of the substances and ions present in a sample. [Pg.565]

Since many years, pectolytic enzymes have been widely used in industrial beverage processing to improve either the quality and the yields in fruit juice extraction or the characteristics of the final product [1,2]. To this purpose, complex enzymatic mixtures, containing several pectolytic enzymes and often also cellulose, hemicellulose and ligninolytic activities, are usually employed in the free form. The interactions among enzymes, substrates and other components of fruit juice make the system very difficult to be investigated and only few publications are devoted to the study of enzymatic pools [3-5], An effective alternative way to carry out the depectinisation process is represented by the use of immobilized enzymes. This approach allows for a facile and efficient enzymatic reaction control to be achieved. In fact, it is possible to avoid or at least to reduce the level of extraneous substances originating from the raw pectinases in the final product. In addition, continuous processes can be set up. [Pg.971]

Traditional and well-established yeast species are Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hansenula polymorpha, Klyveromyces lactis, Pichia pastoris and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. With every year that passes they are increasingly being used in industrial and pharmaceutical enzyme production on a large scale. Many further yeasts present interesting features (e.g. Arxula adeninivorans and Yarrowia lipolytica), but are not that widely used. [Pg.45]

Starch ethers, 4 720 Starch graft copolymers, 4 722 Starch-granule morphology, 26 273 Starch hydrolysates, hydrogenated, 12 39 Starch industry, enzyme use in, 10 252-253... [Pg.882]

In spite of the theoretical interest in enzyme membranes, they have so far not been used in industry and their use in the clinic and in the laboratory is rather limited. However, as techniques for the preparation and stabilization of immobilized complex enzyme systems develop, one can expect to see an increase in the number of cases in which permeable and impermeable enzyme membranes will be used advantageously. [Pg.204]

Over time, scientists have built up a large body of knowledge about many different catalysts and enzymes. This knowledge has been put to good use in industry. Difficult and expensive industrial processes have been made faster, cheaper, and easier through the use of catalysts and enzymes. For example, enzymes are used in the pharmaceutical industry, in paper-making and recycling processes, and in the petroleum industry. Many more industrial uses of catalysts and enzymes are possible, and research into catalysts continues. [Pg.314]

The second general approach is to use whole cells that contain the enzyme or enzymes used in the biocatalytic process. The use of whole cells has the added advantage that coenzyme-dependent enzymes can be used because it is possible to regenerate the relevant coenzyme, through metabolism of the whole cells. This, of course, requires that the whole cells are not only physically intact but also meta-bolically active. Since coenzymes are often involved in building new molecules, industrial biocatalysis typically uses whole-cell systems. [Pg.282]

Figure 1.5 Enzyme Types Used in Industrial Biotransformations (based on 134 processes). (Reprinted from Straathof, A.J.J., Panke, S. and Schmid, A. The production of fine chemicals by biotransformations. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2002,13, 548-556 with permission from Elsevier.)... Figure 1.5 Enzyme Types Used in Industrial Biotransformations (based on 134 processes). (Reprinted from Straathof, A.J.J., Panke, S. and Schmid, A. The production of fine chemicals by biotransformations. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2002,13, 548-556 with permission from Elsevier.)...
Proteases are the most extensively used enzymes in the food industry, where they act to improve the quality, stability, and solubility of foods. Some of the attributes of enzymes which make them useful in industrial operations include the following 1) They are derived from plants, animal, and microbial sources and are invariably nontoxic substances that are able catalyze specific reactions 2) they are active at very low concentrations under mild conditions of temperature and pH where undesirable side reactions are minimized and 3) they can be inactivated after a desired effect has been achieved. Proteases from plant, animal, and microbial sources find extensive use as food processing aids.(32) Some of the applications of proteases in the food industry are summarized in Table I. [Pg.66]

Known producers of CGTase include Bacillus mascerans (7), Bacillus megaterium (8), Bacillus ohbensis (9), alkalophilic Bacillus sp. (lO M), Bacillus amyloliquefacien (15), Bacillus subtilis (16), Klebsiella oxytoca (17), and Micrococcus sp. (18), However, none of these CGTase enzymes are sufficiently thermostable for use in industrial starch liquefaction. [Pg.385]


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Industrial enzymes

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