Antimicrobial activity enhancement

The resultant fabrics are unique in that they have many functional property improvements thermal adaptability due to the phase change nature of the bound polyol, durable press or resiliency, soil release, reduction of static charge, antimicrobial activity, enhanced hydrophilicity and improved flex life, and resistance to pilling. Because of the different molecular weights of polyols, resins, acid catalysts, and fabric constructions, there are numerous modified fabrics that can be produced with sets of improved attributes. Each fabric must be carefully evaluated for optimum curing conditions and formulations to produce the desired product. Several licenses have been granted for this process. Various types of apparel, healthcare items, and industrial fabrics are currently evaluated for commercial production [381,382]. 

Contrary to other whey proteins, a Fe " ion is present in lactoferrin molecule [3]. Similarly to immunoglobulins, it has the antimicrobial character [46]. Whey is appropriate for extraction of lactoferrin and cation-exchange chromatography is proposed for its purihcation. Heat treatment at pH 4.0 does not denature the protein therefore, this pH is suitable for its pasteurization. Recently, some beneficial aspects of lactoferrin on human s health have been regarded. Its exceptional properties such as antiinfective, anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities enhance its utility in pharmaceutical and food industries. Remarkably, lower pH values (2-3) enhance its antibacterial activity. The results of clinical studies about positive effects of lactoferrin on human and animals health have been published [49]. 

A fluorine atom in position 6 of the basic structure of quinolones enhances the antimicrobial activity considerably. All widely used quinolones are fluorinated in position 6 and the term fluoroquinolones is often used to describe these drugs. However, some new quinolones with similar antimicrobial activity are not fluorinated in position 6 (e.g. garenoxacin, PGE9262932) and therefore the term quinolones is more appropriate to describe this group of antimicrobial agents. 

Potential therapeutic applications of host defense peptides also include the lantibiotic nisin. Indeed, nisin has had an impressive history as a food preservative with FDA approval in 1988 for use in pasteurized, processed cheese spreads. The attractiveness of nisin as a potential therapeutic is also enhanced due to its relative resistance to proteases and broad spectrum Gram-positive antimicrobial activity including multidrug-resistant strains. Biosynexus Inc. has licensed the use of nisin for human clinical applications and Immucell Corp. has licensed the use of Mast Out, an antimastitic nisin-containing product, to Pfizer Animal Health." Indeed, nisin formulations have been used as an active agent in the topical therapies Mast Out and Wipe-Out for bovine mastitis, an inflammatory disorder of the udder that is the most persistent disease in dairy cows." ... 

Mechanism of Action A biologic response modifier that induces activation of macrophages in blood monocytes to phagocytes, which is necessary in the body s cellular immune response to intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Enhances phagocytic function and antimicrobial activity of monocytes Therapeutic Effect Decreases signs and symptoms of serious infections in chronic granulomatous disease. Pharmacokinetics Slowly absorbed after subcutaneous administration. Half-life 0.5-1 hr. 

Shelf stability of a product is of critical importance because it is affected by longterm antimicrobial and antioxidizing activity enhanced by preservative agents compared to only antimicrobial agents that are added to dressings for thwarting infection in a wound. Preferably, a preservative can be added to a product that possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that will allow the product to maintain activity before reaching a planned expiration date, and prevent infection when applied to wounds. 

Such electronic effects are readily deduced from chemical shifts. A recent example from our laboratory concerns the antimicrobial peptide drosocin.61 This 19-amino-acid peptide is secreted by Drosophila species in response to septic injury and is a potent antibacterial. The sequence of the peptide (shown below using the one-letter amino acid code) contains a glycosylated threonine at a midchain position that appears to be important in enhancing antimicrobial activity. 

The modification of these natural polyhydroxylated compounds via acylation of the hydroxyl functions with aliphatic molecules not only increases their structural diversity, producing analogs that may be useful models for the study of structure-activity relationships, but also changes their physicochemical properties, increasing their solubility in lipophilic media. Moreover, the selective acylation of these natural compounds with various acyl donors could enhance their biological activities, such as their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as their pharmacological properties [5, 6]. 

Antimicrobials. Surface-bonded organosilicon quaternary ammonium chlorides have enhanced antimicrobial and algicidal activity (33). Thus, the hydroysis product of dimethyloctadecyl-3-trimethoxysilylpropylammonium chloride [27668-52-6] exhibits antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microorganisms while chemically bonded to a variety of surfaces. The chemical is not removed from surfaces by repeated washing with water, and its antimicrobial activity is not attributed to a slow release of the chemical but rather to the surface-bonded chemical. 

Some fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids, are well-known skin penetration enhancers. It is also known that many fatty acids possess antimicrobial activity. The topical activity of the anti-viral drug acyclovir is hampered by its inadequate permeability through the skin barrier. Some reports have shown that fatty acid extract of cod liver oil as well as the extract in the form of an ointment show effective antiviral properties against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) (37). 

Chelating agents such as disodium edetate (EDTA) are commonly used in lens care products to enhance the antimicrobial activity of preservatives and remove calcium and magnesium from the lens. EDTA is the most... 

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