Soil additives

CaSO4-0-5HiO, prepared by heating gypsum at 130 "C, is used as plaster of Paris. Gypsum and anhydrite are used for H2SO4 production and gypsum is used as a soil additive and as an inert additive to pharmaceuticals and insecticides. 

Granulated polystyrene foam has been used as an additive ia lightweight cement or as a soil additive to retaia moisture and minimize compaction... 

Calcium carbonate is the primary component of seashells, antacids, marble and limestone (e.g. stalactites and stalagmites in caves), blackboard chalk, scale in water pipes, and calcium supplements for people and animals. It is also used to capture S02 gas in fossil fuel burning boilers, thereby helping to prevent acid rain, and as a soil additive to provide pH adjustment and calcium to farmers soil. 

Subsequently, E. W. Hilgard took up the cause of soil chemistry. He carried out research using data from King and others in order to find a chemical characterization of soil that would differentiate between productive and unproductive soils. Additionally, soils were extracted with acids of various strengths as indicated by their specific gravity. Results of this type of extraction were expected to indicate the long-term productivity of a particular soil. Also during this time, the concept of a minimum level of a particular component,... 

In a further study the oxidation of the methyl carbon of methanearsonate was associated with the oxidation of soil organic matter in a number of soils. Additions of organic matter to a Norfolk loamy sand greatly increased the decomposition of methanearsonate. In three of the soils, there was no evidence of microbiological adaptation to methanearsonate. In Norfolk loamy sand, however, increasing decomposition of methanearsonate relative to soil organic matter occurred with time of incubation. 

An almost infinite variety of chemical reactions is possible among soil, additives, and organic contaminate. However, at the moisture, temperature, and pressure conditions present at most sites, only a few reactions are responsible for most stabilization processes. Aside from such processes as absorption, volatilization, and biodegradation, chemical reactions include processes such as hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, compound formation, and fixation on an insoluble substrate. 

These results suggest that pure aromatic polyesters may function like the long-lived components in humus and may provide useful properties as a soil additive. Grass sod growing studies using municipal-waste-derived compost in combination with chopped plastic fibers demonstrated improved growing rate and root structure development to accelerate sod production. 

Dried soil Addition of internal standard followed by extraction of soil by SFE with nitrous oxide/methanol/1,6-hexanediamine, expansion of fluid into methylene chloride, volume reduction. GC/MS No data 98 Oostdyke et al. 1995... 

Untreated (no DDT) soil additions (160 g/tank) were made to two of the three replicates at each concentration and to one of the control tanks 14, 28 and 42 days after the addition of organisms. Soil was first suspended in 2-L of water, then... 

For this reason, additional studies on carbon tetrachloride flux rates into and out of surface water, as well as refined quantitative estimates of aquatic fate processes would be valuable. The chemical is expected to evaporate rapidly from soil due to its high vapor pressure and may migrate into groundwater due to its low soil adsorption coefficient. No data are available on biodegradation in soil. Additional studies to determine degradation rates and the extent to which adsorption has occurred would be useful. These data are also useful in evaluating the impact of carbon tetrachloride leaching from hazardous waste sites. 

The acid extraction treatment system (AETS) reduces the concentrations and/or leachability of heavy metals in contaminated soils so that the soils can be returned to the original site. The main application of the AETS is to extract heavy metals from soils. Additional applications of the AETS include treatment of contaminated sediments, sludges, and other heavy-metal-containing solids. 

Soil Addition of 10 ml water and deuterated standards to 50 g of soil followed by equilibration for 1 h. Sonication 3 times with acetone/ hexane. Phase separation followed by water removal using sodium sulfate, concentration using K-D, and nitrogen blow-down. Spiking with phenanthrene-... 

TCDD from soil is very low (Shu et al. 1988). More information is needed regarding oral and dermal exposure to determine the bioavailability of CDDs from food, water, and soil. Additional information is needed to examine the discrepancy noted in the mass balance from CDDs ingested from foods and eliminated in feces. For inhalation exposure, information on the bioavailability from fly ash and sediments would be useful. Information is also needed on the selective uptake of the 2,3,7,8-substituted CDD congeners. 

The excrement most often used is produced by plant-eating animals. The droppings of carnivores or scavengers tends to have a strong, unpleasant smell and contains less of the nutrients that make other animals excrement useful as fertilizer and soil additives. Dried dung is used as a fuel for fires, particularly in places where other fuels, like wood or coal, are scarce. 

Soils receive vast amounts of fertilizers, soil additives (e.g., gypsum and sulfur), pesticides, and... 

Use Agriculture (soil additive, pesticides, Bordeaux mixture), feed additive, germicides, textile mordant, leather industry, pigments, electric batteries, electroplated coatings, copper salts, reagent in analytical chemistry, medicine, wood preservative, preserva-... 

Use Top soil additive in horticulture, golf courses, and truck gardens available in 100-lb paper bags and bulk shipments. 

Superabsorbents are superabsorbent polymers, which are loosely crosslinked hydrophilic polymers and have ionic charges in the polymers. They absorb water, swell, and retain aqueous solution above hundred times their own weight. Because of the excellent characteristics, the superabsorbents have been widely used in many applications such as disposable diapers, feminine napkins, soil additives in agricultural or horticultural applications, gel actuators, water-blocking tapes, materials for drug delivery system, absorbent pads, etc., where water absorbency or water retention is important. 

Boisson, J., Ruttens, A., Mench, M., and Vangronsveld, J. (1999). Evaluation of hydroxyapatite as a metal immobilizing soil additive for the remediation of polluted soils, 1 Influence of hydroxyapatite on metal exchangeability in soil, plant growth and plant metal accumulation. Environ. Pollut. 104, 225-233. 

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