Fiber plastic

The major uses of ethylene and propene are as starting materials for the preparation of polyethyl ene and polypropylene plastics fibers and films These and other applications will be described in Chapter 6... 

Plastic fibers Plastic films Plastic hardcoats Plasticity Plasticity index... 

Fiber Bed Alist Filtration. In-depth fiber bed filters are used for the collection of Hquid droplets, fogs, and mists. Horizontal pads of knitted metal wire (or plastic fibers), 100—150 mm thick, and gas updow are used for Hquid entrainment removal. Pressure drop is 250—500 Pa (1.9—3.8 mm Hg). 

Prior to deposition on a moving belt or screen, the molten polymer threads from a spinnerette must be attenuated to orient the molecular chains of the fibers in order to increase fiber strength and decrease extendibiUty. This is accompHshed by hauling the plastic fibers off immediately after they have exited the spinnerette. In practice this is done by accelerating the fibers either mechanically (18) or pneumatically (17,19,20). In most processes, the fibers are pneumatically accelerated in multiple filament bundles however, other arrangements have been described wherein a linearly aligned row(s) of individual filaments is pneumatically accelerated (21,22). 

Flavor-Masking Deodorant. In addition to its use as a constituent of perfume compositions, vanillin is also useful as a deodorant to mask the unpleasant odor of many manufactured goods. As a masking agent for numerous types of ill-smelling mass-produced industrial products, particularly those of synthetic mbber, plastics, fiber glass, inks, etc, vanillin finds extensive use. It is often the most inexpensive material for the amount of masking effect it provides. Only traces are required for this purpose as the odor of vanillin is perceptible in dilutions of 2 x 10 mg/m of air. Cmde vanillin is acceptable for such purposes. 

C. E. Schildknecht, JCmj/ and Eelated Polymers Their Preparations, Properties, and Applications in Euhhers, Plastics, Fibers, and in Medical and Industrial Arts, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1952, pp. 387—388. 

Cellulose esters for films, plastics, fibers, lacquers... 

Lumber and wood products Sawmills, millwork plants, wooden containers, miscellaneous wood products, manufacturing Scrap wood, shavings, sawdust in some instances, metals, plastics, fibers, glues, sealers, paints, solvents... 

The basic filter material is produced from glass fiber or synthetic plastic fibers (polyester, acrylic, polyamide). Separation is mainly of particles 5 pm and larger. 

Fine filters are made chiefly from glass fibers with an average diameter of 0.5 pm to 5 pm or of plastic fibers, often in combination with an electrostatic... 

Although they have an endless variety of properties, polymers can be divided into three general categories, based on their form and resistance to stretching. These are plastics, fibers, and elastomers. Plastics differ in form from fibers whereas plastics exist as blocks or sheets, fibers have been drawn into long threads. Unlike plastics or fibers, elastomers can be stretched without breaking. Polyethylene packaging films and polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe are examples of plastics. Orion carpets are made from polymer fibers, and mbber bands are elastomers. Some polymers, such as Nylon, can be formed into both plastics and fibers. 

Water-reducing plasticizers, fiber-reinforced cements.24... 

Hardness and chemical resistance make rhodium a suitable metal for heavy-duty spinning nozzles for plastic fibers. 

Billions of pounds of polyolefins are produced annually in the world [1], Through simple insertion reactions, inexpensive and abundant olefins are transformed into polymeric materials for a wide range of applications including plastics, fibers, and elastomers. Despite its long history, the polyolefin industry continues to grow steadily and remains technologically driven because of continuous discovery of... 

Liquicel A liquid-liquid extraction process in which the two liquids are separated by a permeable membrane in the form of hollow plastic fibers. Developed by Hoechst Celanese Corporation. 

The temperature of the inlet waste gas flow is generally restricted by the choice of materials. Plastic fiber beds are generally restricted to operate below 60°C (140°F). 

Fib er-Bed Scrubbers Fibrous-bed structures are sometimes used as gas-liquid contactors, with cocurrent flow of the gas and liquid streams. In such contactors, both scrubbing (particle deposition on droplets) and filtration (particle deposition on fibers) may take place. If only mists are to be collected, small fibers may be used, but if solid particles are present, the use of fiber beds is limited by the tendency of the beds to plug. For dust-collection service, the fiber bed must be composed of coarse fibers and have a high void fraction, so as to minimize the tendency to plug. The fiber bed may be made from metal or plastic fibers in the form of knitted structures, multiple layers of screens, or random-packed fibers. However, the bed must have sufficient dimensional stability so that it will not be compacted during operation. 

These results suggest that pure aromatic polyesters may function like the long-lived components in humus and may provide useful properties as a soil additive. Grass sod growing studies using municipal-waste-derived compost in combination with chopped plastic fibers demonstrated improved growing rate and root structure development to accelerate sod production. 

Stability. Plastic fibers accommodate a greater load of stress due to bending and vibrations than silica fibers. Plastic fibers can withstand temperatures ranging from -35° to 80°C. For operating at temperatures higher than 80°C, silica fibers must be used. The outer polycarbonate jacket of the plastic fibers makes them rugged and resistant to environmental damage. The PMMA polymer is insoluble in water and other polar solvents however, PMMA will dissolve in more nonpolar solvents. 

Figure 12.8. Transmission characteristics of some commonly used optical fibers, (a) glass fiber (b) gradient-index fiber (c) plastic-clad silica fiber (d) plastic fiber. (Reproduced with permission from the Ealing Corporation.)...

But wait. Let s remember that chemicals have virtually transformed the modern world in extraordinarily beneficial ways. During the past 100 years the chemical industry has offered up, and we have eagerly consumed, thousands of highly useful materials and products. Among these products are many that have had profoundly beneficial effects on human health - antibiotics and other remarkable medicinal agents to prevent and cure diseases, pesticides to protect crops, preservatives to protect the food supply, plastics, fibers, metals and hundreds of other materials that have enhanced the safety and pleasures of modern... 

All this is true both for low molecular weight compounds and for polymers. However, relevant differences are found not only in specific structural features, but also in the different intent with which the analysis is carried out. In common otganic stereochemistry, attention is essentially on reactivity Many aspects of regio- or stereoselectivity, as weU as reaction rate, can be explained or predicted in terms of conformation. In contrast, in polymers, the focus of interest is almost always on the physical (or mechanical) properties. It should not be forgotten that polymers are principally used as materials (plastics, fibers, elastomers, etc.) and that their properties are sometimes modified during fabrication. The fabri-cation process may induce the formation of particular structures at the molecular and supetmolecular level, which can often be traced back to conformational factors. 

Polymers are very important chemicals derived from the top 50, and they play important roles in our everyday lives, giving us products made of plastics, fibers, elastomers, paints, coatings, adhesives, and many other materials. Representative top-selling commercial polymers are given in Table 1.16. These materials and products will be discussed in detail in Chapters 14-19. 

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