Sodium sulfate, naming

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

Common names have been given to sodium sulfate as a result of manufacturiag methods. In rayon production, by-product sodium sulfate is separated from a slurry by filtration where a 7—10-cm cake forms over the filter media. Thus rayon cake was the term coiaed for this cake. Similarly, salt cake, chrome cake, phenol cake, and other sodium sulfate cakes were named. Historically, sulfate cakes were low purity, but demand for higher purity and controlled particle size has forced manufacturers either to produce higher quaUty or go out of busiaess. Sodium sulfate is mined commercially from three types of mineral evaporites thenardite, mirabilite, and high sulfate brine deposits (see Chemicals FROMBRINe). 

Fast Color Salts. In order to simplify the work of the dyer, diazonium salts, in the form of stable dry powders, were introduced under the name of fast color salts. When dissolved in water they react like ordinary diazo compounds. These diazonium salts, derived from amines, free from solubilizing groups, are prepared by the usual method and are salted out from the solutions as the sulfates, the metallic double salts, or the aromatic sulfonates. The isolated diazonium salt is sold in admixture with anhydrous salts such as sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate. 

Natron, n. soda, in the following senses (1) sodium carbonate, Na2COa ( kohlensaurea Natron ) (2) sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCOa ( doppcltkohlensaures Natron ) (3) sodium hydroxide or caustic soda, NaOH, usually called Atznatron (4) in older names, sodium oxide, NajO (as in schwefel-saures Natron, sodium sulfate), -aiaun,... 

Two steps have been added to the original Pesticide Analytical Manual method to increase the stability of the trimethylsilyl derivatives and to clean up the final extract prior to GC analysis, namely the use of a sodium sulfate mini-column to dry the extract after derivatization and the use of a Florisil Sep-Pak cartridge to remove matrix interferences. The advantages of the current method are the simultaneous evaluation of the four analytes, reproducibility and low matrix interference. 

Salt-cake One of the two processes comprising the Leblanc process for making sodium carbonate. Salt-cake was the colloquial name for sodium sulfate. 

Filter the solution through a folded filter and set it aside in a quiet place to crystallize. The crystals are glassy in appearance and should not be too large or grown together. Drain them on a Witte plate and evaporate the mother liquor for a second crop. They may be obtained as needles as lath-shaped crystals or in a compact, many-sided form. The last named is the most desirable form, and conditions should be varied to avoid supersaturation (Exercise 6) until such crystals are obtained. Meanwhile, prepare some effloresced sodium sulfate by gently warming about 100 g. of the crude crystals until they fall into white powder. Place this powder in the bottom of an empty desiccator and... 

Sulfate or kraft pulping is performed with a solution composed of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide, named "white liquor." According to the... 

Many compounds contain one or more polyatomic ions. Often these compounds contain three elements, in which case they are called tertiary compounds. Although they are not binary compounds, they still contain one type of anion and one type of cation. The same naming rules that apply to binary compounds apply to these compounds as well. For example, NH4C1 is called ammonium chloride. Na2S04 is called sodium sulfate. NiS04 is called nickel(II) sulfate. NH4N03 is called ammonium nitrate. 

The chemical category of inorganic salts encompasses many substances that dissociate completely in water, but only one salt, sodium chloride, is referred to by the common name, salt. Sodium chloride is ubiquitous in both its occurrence and its many uses. To date, there are over 14,000 uses for salt.1 Salt is used as a feedstock for many chemicals including chlorine, caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), synthetic soda ash (sodium carbonate), sodium chlorate, sodium sulfate, and metallic sodium. By indirect methods, sodium chloride is also used to produce hydrochloric acid and many other sodium salts. In its natural mineral form, salt may take on some color from some of the trace elements and other salts present, however, pure sodium chloride is a white to colorless crystalline substance, fairly soluble in water.2 Also known as halite, the substance... 

Fourdrinier machine—The machine that forms paper from pulp, named after the English family that financed its development in the early 1 800s. Furnish—Specific combination of pulp and other ingredients used to make a particular kind of paper. Kraft process—process in which sodium sulfate is reduced by heating with carbonaceous matter in a furnace to form sodium sulfide, which is then used in a water solution with sodium hydroxide as a cooking liquor. The wood pulp is then cooked under pressure and at high temperatures. The kraft process, also known as the sulfate process, has a less corrosive influence on iron and steel than the sulfite process. 

As a catalyst for the ring condensation Lewis acids such as for instance zinc chloride, zinc bromide, boron trifluoride, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, titanium chloride or iodine are used, zinc chloride and zinc bromide having proved to be more particularly suitable. Water binding substances such as neutral substances as for instance magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate or molecular sieves may be used, the last-named having proved more particularly suitable. 

These equations mean that the flux of electrolyte through the membrane decreases with decreasing C fCK. Namely, when the fixed ion concentration of the membrane is high compared with the concentration of the outer solution, the flux of electrolyte through the membrane decreases (the membrane acts as a barrier for ions). This effect is remarkable when the valence of counter-ions is low and that of co-ions is high. For example, sodium sulfate is difficult to diffuse through a cation exchange membrane compared with sodium chloride. 

Aluminum potassium sulfate belongs to a family of compounds known collectively as the alums. The term alum refers to a double salt that consists of aluminum, the sulfate group (S04), and one other metal. The presence of two metals, aluminum plus one other metal, accounts for the name double salt. Other common alums are aluminum ammonium sulfate and aluminum sodium sulfate. 

The first development of importance was the proposal of the first systematic nomenclature, prindpally for inorganic compounds, in 1787. This proposal introduced such names as sodium sulfate and potassium hydrogen tartrate, despite the lack of a supporting theory. 

Synonyms/Trade Names Crag herbicide No. 1 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)ethyl sodium sulfate Sesone ... 

Leblanc process /la-blalmk/ An obsolete process for the manufacture of sodium carbonate. Sodium chloride is converted to sodium sulfate by heating with sulfuric acid. This sulfate is then roasted in a rotary furnace where it is first reduced to the sulfide using carbon, and then immediately converted to the carbonate by the action of limestone. Sodium carbonate solution is obtained by leaching with water and this is subsequently dried and calcined to obtain the solid. The process is named for the French physician Nicolas Leblanc (1742-1806). 

We can usually predict the nature of the ions in a solution of an ionic compound from the chemical name of the substance. Sodium sulfate (Na2S04), for example, dissociates into sodium ions (Na ) and sulfate ions (804 ). You must remember the formulas and charges of common ions (Tables 2.4 and 2.5) to understand the forms in which ionic compounds exist in aqueous solution. 

Why the name base When hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution, salt (sodium chloride) and water are formed when the acid s proton skips across on to the OH ion provided by the sodium hydroxide. When instead sulfuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution, sodium sulfate and water are formed when the acid s proton skips across on to the OH ion provided by the sodium hydroxide. We are building different compounds, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, on foundations of the same base, sodium hydroxide hence the name. 

Incidentally, both sodium chloride and sodium sulfate are called salts, the general class of these ionic substances formed by the reaction of an acid and a base taking its name from a common exemplar, namely common salt, sodium chloride. That is a common feature in chemistry, where the name of one type of compound inspires the name of a whole related class. 

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