Naming rules

As we cover new functional groups in later chapters, the applicable IUPAC rules of nomenclature will be given. In addition, Appendix A at the back of this book gives an overall view of organic nomenclature and shows how compounds that contain more than one functional group are named. For the present, let s see how to name branched-chain alkanes and learn some general naming rules that are applicable to all compounds. 

Cycloalkenes are named similarly to open-chain alkenes but, because there is no chain end to begin from, we number the cycloalkene so that the double bond is between Cl and C2 and the first substituent has as low a number as possible. Note that it s not necessary to indicate the position of the double bond in the name because it is always between Cl and C2. As with open-chain alkenes, newer but not yet widely accepted naming rules place the locant immediately before the suffix in a diene. 

The first and third examples illustrate a nuance of the naming rules. Iron and silver in anionic complexes are named by their Latin roots,/err- and argent-, from which their symbols (Fe and Ag) are derived. Metals taking their Latin names in anionic coordination complexes are listed in Table 20-4. 

You can implement Beans without following the naming rules. You implement additional methods on the bean that (indirectly) explicitly identity the methods corresponding to properties, events, and methods on that Bean. We omit the details here. 

Table E.5 Alphabetical Listing of Common Polyatomic Ions Table E.6 Summary of Naming Rules for Ions... 

When you re tasked with writing the name of a formula containing a polyatomic ion, you follow all the Scime naming rules as listed previously except for one very simple change You don t change the ending of any polyatomic ion. You leave it exactly as it written. 

In reality, you aren t given nice subheadings telling you what type of compound a chemical is so that you know which set of naming rules to use. You need to figure it out. Here s a series of questions to help you write the names of all the wonderful types of chemicals in the previous sections ... 

Reverse your naming rules to deduce the chemical formula of each compound. 

IUPAC Rules do not describe this system, but do employ it in some examples of radical names (Rules B-12), and a similar principle can be used in naming ketones, imines, bivalent radicals, and some cations (see later). It is to be preferred on the grounds that it is less cumbersome than... 

Naming rules depend on whether the chemical is an ionic compound or a molecular compound containing only covalent bonds. There are special rules for naming acids. The rules below describe a group of traditional "semi-systematic" names accepted by IUPAC. 

There are special naming rules for acids that correspond with the suffix of their corresponding anion if hydrogen were removed from the acid. Anions ending with -ide correspond to acids with the prefix hydro- and the suffix -ic. Anions ending with -ate correspond to acids with no prefix that end with -ic. Oxoanions ending with -ite have associated acids with no prefix and the suffix -ous. The hypo- and per- prefixes are maintained. Some examples are shown in the following table ... 

Laboratories submitting new data are requested to follow these naming rules. These rules are published by the Secretariat to all the States Parties laboratories that submit new analytical data. When the chemical names of new submitted data do not conform... 

Don t confuse the process for naming a structure (ft) or (S) with the process for measuring an optical rotation. Just because we use the terms clockwise and counterclockwise in naming (ft) and (S) does not mean that light follows our naming rules. 

Many compounds contain one or more polyatomic ions. Often these compounds contain three elements, in which case they are called tertiary compounds. Although they are not binary compounds, they still contain one type of anion and one type of cation. The same naming rules that apply to binary compounds apply to these compounds as well. For example, NH4C1 is called ammonium chloride. Na2S04 is called sodium sulfate. NiS04 is called nickel(II) sulfate. NH4N03 is called ammonium nitrate. 

The naming rules for straight-chain alkanes can, with a few additions, help you recognize and name other organic compounds. You now know that the name of a straight-chain alkane is composed of a root (such as meth-) plus a suffix (-ane). Earlier in the chapter, you saw the isomers of C6Hi4. Figure 13.13 shows one of them, called 2-methylpentane. 

Because of the ring structure, the naming rules for cyclic hydrocarbons, including cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, are slightly different from those for alkanes and alkenes. Below are four examples to illustrate the naming rules. 

Splitting words with common separators such as spaces and punctuation marks with spaces according to natural language and chemical name rules... 

Recognition of chemical nomenclature names (rule-based approach for the recognition of chemical fragment strings)... 

Make nomenclature rules easily available. One of the objectives of the ACS Nomenclature, Spelling and Pronunciation Committee has always been the dissemination of knowledge of nomenclature by distribution of printed rules. A nomenclature guidebook with interpretation of naming rules and with numerous examples would be of great value, but it would require frequent revision (easier with a set of separate pamphlets). 

The lUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, an organization that formulates naming rules. Organic compounds contain carbon, and they have a separate system of nomenclature, but some of the simplest molecules containing carbon also fall within the scope of inorganic chemistry. 

Stereoisomers have bonds attached in the same order but with different spatial arrangements. Stereoisomerism is also known as spatial isomerism, and there are two types of stereoisomers cis-trans isomers and enantiomers. Detailed naming rules for stereoisomers are an advanced topic. 

This simple group of rules clearly does not by any means cover the full set of naming rules that apply to deal with modern coordination chemistry. However, they go some of the way to allowing you to navigate around nomenclature for the relatively simple complexes you will likely meet. It is a difficult task to name complicated compounds - which is why, even in the chemical research literature, people sometimes choose to avoid it as much as possible. For some, nothing compares with a drawing of the complex molecule and a trivial name(s) for the ligand(s) involved ... 

There is no uniform agreement on what constitutes the simplest set of hydrocarbons , but a general introduction to naming rules for hydrocarbons will help you inventory any simple hydrocarbon you encounter. 

These names are easy for us to remember because we come into contact with these compounds often. However, as the number of compounds increased, organic chemists realized that historical names were not adequate because they revealed nothing about the structure of a compotmd. Thousands of such compounds and their common names had to be memorized What was needed was a set of nomenclature (naming) rules that would produce a unique name for every organic compound. Furthermore, the name should be so descriptive that, by knowing the name, a student or scientist could write the structure. 

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