Brine deposit

Common names have been given to sodium sulfate as a result of manufacturiag methods. In rayon production, by-product sodium sulfate is separated from a slurry by filtration where a 7—10-cm cake forms over the filter media. Thus rayon cake was the term coiaed for this cake. Similarly, salt cake, chrome cake, phenol cake, and other sodium sulfate cakes were named. Historically, sulfate cakes were low purity, but demand for higher purity and controlled particle size has forced manufacturers either to produce higher quaUty or go out of busiaess. Sodium sulfate is mined commercially from three types of mineral evaporites thenardite, mirabilite, and high sulfate brine deposits (see Chemicals FROMBRINe). 

Bromine occurs ia the form of bromide ia seawater and ia natural brine deposits (see Chemicals frombrine). Chloride is also present. In all current methods of bromine production, chlorine, which has a higher reduction potential than bromine, is used to oxidize bromide to bromine. 

Occurrence. Bromine [7726-95-6] is found in seawater and in underground brine deposits of marine origin (21). Bromine (qv) is also found in Dead Sea brine and is currently being produced there by the Dead Sea Works. 

As an example of what should be included in the scope, suppose the manager of the product department sends you the following message We are considering building a plant to produce 60,000 tons per year of chlorine from the brine deposits near Pentwater, Mich. Would you please determine the cost of such a facility. Does this define the scope No Definitely not. 

As a test of our ability to calculate activity coefficients in natural brines, we consider groundwater from the Sebkhat El Melah brine deposit near Zarzis, Tunisia (Perthuisot, 1980). The deposit occurs in a buried evaporite basin composed of halite (NaCl), anhydrite (CaSC>4), and dolomite [CaMg(CC>3)2]. The Tunisian government would like to exploit the brines for their chemical content, especially for the potassium, which is needed to make fertilizer. 

Table 8.8. Chemical compositions (g l x) of brines from the Sebkhat El Melah brine deposit, Zarzis, Tunisia (Jarraya and El Mansar, 1987)...

C. Extraction. Lithium occurs in the form of several minerals and in brines and brine deposits. A brine is water with sizable concentrations of halide salts. 

Figure 3.1 Solution mining of subterrain brine deposits.

Most of the world s production of iodine comes from the saltpeter deposits in Chile and natural brines in Japan. In Chile, calcium iodate is found in caliche deposits extracted from open pit mines in the Atacama Desert. Applying an alkaline solution to the caliche yields sodium iodate and iodine is obtained from the sodium iodate by reduction with sulfur dioxide. In Japan, iodine is a by-product of the production of natural gas, which is extracted from brine deposits a mile or two below ground. Iodine is recovered from the brines by one of the following two methods. In the blowout process elemental iodine is liberated as a result of the reaction of chlorine with sodium iodide in the brines. Elemental iodine is blown out of the brine with air and then purified in subsequent reaction steps. The second method, ion exchange, involves recovery of dissolved iodine from oxidized brines using anion-exchange resins packed in columns. In 2010, Chile produced 18 000 metric tons of iodine, compared to Japan s output of 9800 metric tons. Chile has reserves of 9 million metric tons, some 60% of the world s total reserves of iodine [10],... 

On a worldwide basis, there appear to be as many as 100 large buried potash deposits that could produce products of commercial quality and about the same number of significant potash brine deposits. The buried deposits are primarily of marine origin. Surprisingly, the exact mode of the formation of these deposits, as well as a smaller number of deposits that are associated with hot springs, is not known and is the subject of considerable speculation. 

Table 4.4. Comparison of rich Utfaium brine deposits worldwide ...

Brine deposit Location Brine grade Ratio list, reserves... 

Natural occurrence, minerals, and ores. Boron is extracted from borate minercds such as borax or tincal, kernite, colemanite, and ulexite occurring in evaporitic brine deposits located in desert areas worldwide such as in the USA in Boron, CA and Turkey. 

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