Sodium alkyl carboxylate

Eor univalent ionic surfactants, e.g., alkyl trimethyl-ammonium bromide and chloride, sodium alkyl sulfate, and sodium alkyl carboxylate. 

On the other hand, the slopes obtained were -0.5 for disodlum alkyl phosphate, -0.54 for alkyl trlmethyl-ammonlumchloride,-0.52 for sodium alkyl carboxylate, and -0.58for sodium alkyl sulfate. These values are close to those for nonionic and zwltterionlc surfactants, obtained from the linear relation of log cmc and n. The J4G(CH2) values calculated from Equation 21... 

Sodium alkyl carboxylate -Magnesium alkyl carboxylate... 

Table 10.19 Correlations of the structure of an homologous series of sodium alkyl carboxylates and sodium alkyl sulphates and their properties in various laboratory test methods, with observed irritant action on human and rat skin (from Prottey [184]).

Chain length of sodium alkyl carboxylate Human skin irritancy Positive reactions to 22.5 mM solutions (%) Rat skin irritancy Assessed score for irritancy (macroscopic and microscopic). 0.25 M solutions for 15 min, once daily for 3 days Collagen disc swelling Change in thickness, critical micelle concentration (%) Extraction of stratum comeum Increase relative to water Proteins Amino acids (%) Ion conductance of stratum comeum Rate of change of conductance (Mohm/cm /min xlO" )... 

Chain length of sodium alkyl carboxylate Human skin penetration Permeability constants (//cmmin ), 6mM solution for 6h in vitro Rat skin penetration Amount penetrating 7.5 cm of skin, applied for 15 min 0.1ml of 6mM solution Inhibition of DNA synthesis in vitro Cone. (mM) required to inhibit uptake of HTdR into fibroblasts in vitro Mast cell lysis in vitro Cone. (mM) to release histamine from mast cells in vitro Fibroblast lysis in vitro Cone. (mM) to release Cr-labelled cytoplasm from fibroblasts in vitro... 

Reaction conditions depend on the reactants and usually involve acid or base catalysis. Examples of X include sulfate, acid sulfate, alkane- or arenesulfonate, chloride, bromide, hydroxyl, alkoxide, perchlorate, etc. RX can also be an alkyl orthoformate or alkyl carboxylate. The reaction of cycHc alkylating agents, eg, epoxides and a2iridines, with sodium or potassium salts of alkyl hydroperoxides also promotes formation of dialkyl peroxides (44,66). Olefinic alkylating agents include acycHc and cycHc olefinic hydrocarbons, vinyl and isopropenyl ethers, enamines, A[-vinylamides, vinyl sulfonates, divinyl sulfone, and a, P-unsaturated compounds, eg, methyl acrylate, mesityl oxide, acrylamide, and acrylonitrile (44,66). 

From the apparent ionization degree it was concluded that the EO chain probably behaves as part of the headgroup. As with Aalbers [49], a low surface charge of the sodium alkyl ether carboxylate micelles was mentioned. The micelle aggregation number N increases with the C chain much more than for the corresponding nonionic surfactants. In the case of C8 there was no influence of temperature. A small decrease was found with increasing EO, but much smaller than in the case of nonionics. 

An interesting preparation of alkyl carboxylates in high yield (Table 3.14) from the sodium salt of the carboxylic acids under mild phase-transfer catalytic conditions involves their reaction with alkyl chlorosulphate [50] and has been used with success in the preparation of alkyl esters derived from p-lactam antibiotics. The procedure is also excellent for the production of chloromethyl esters, particularly where the carboxylic acids will not withstand the classical Lewis acid-catalysed procedure using an acid chloride and formaldehyde, or where the use of iodochloromethane [51] results in the formation of the bis(acyloxy)methane. The procedure has been applied with some success to the synthesis of chloromethyl A-protected a-amino carboxylates [52],... 

An excellent, broad review of the last 60 years of hydride reductions has been published,235 and the use of selectrides, Li and K tri-.v-butylborohydridcs or trisiamylborohydrides, has also been reviewed.236 A review of sodium borohydride-carboxylic acid as a reagent with novel selectivity in reductions has been written in particular, this reagent is useful for the A -alkylation of primary and secondary amines, through a sequence that is believed to involve sequential carboxylic acid to aldehyde reduction followed by reductive animation.237... 

Figure 4.2 shows the results obtained in rat colon with sodium lauryl sulfate and phenyl-alkyl-carboxylic acids. While correlations between ka and Pin the absence of surfactants are hyperbolic, correlations in the presence of CMC of synthetic surfactants are always potential with a rather low slope. Below or at the CMC [27, 28] the... 

An example of the correlations obtained in small intestine in the absence and in the presence of tetradecyltrimethylamonium bromide (TTAB) at 0.0125% (CMC) is represented in Fig. 4.4 [26]. As can be seen, the effect of each surfactant concentration is quite significant. But, a natural surfactant such as sodium taurocholate did not produce any significant change in the absorption rate constants of a series of phenyl-alkyl carboxylic acids at its CMC and it exerted an almost negligible solubilization effect at a supramicellar concentration [23]. 

From sodium alkyls and carbon dioxide. In this reaction the carbon dioxide seems to enter the compound directly forming the carboxyl group. 

The antiproliferative activity of sodium butyrate (Na+ salt of 20, Fig. 8) toward several types of carcinogenic cells has long been known, but it was not until much later that its anticancer activity was linked to HD AC inhibition [75,76]. Pivanex 23 is a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to release butyric acid [77]. Other short-chain fatty acids such as valproic acid 21 and phenyl butyrate 22 have been investigated in the same context [78, 79]. These alkyl carboxylates show HD AC inhibitory activity typically in the low millimolar range and are much weaker than the strong chelators described above. 

Recently, Bandgar and Pandit have described a mild, efficient, and general method for the preparation of acyl azides from carboxylic acids and sodium azide using CC (Scheme 47). Various aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, and alkyl carboxylic acids, on reaction with CC in the presence of sodium azide and A -methylmorpholine, undergo smooth conversion to the corresponding acyl azides in excellent yields <2002TL3413>. 

A common group of cationic antistats is alkyl quaternary ammonium salts. These are mostly employed in polar substrates such as PVC and in styrenic polymers. Other types include alkyl phosphonium and alkyl sulfonium salts. Flexible PVC may contain up to 7% of these antistatics for nonfood uses, as they have not been approved by the FDA. Sodium alkyl sulfonates, similar to common detergents, have gained wide acceptance as anionic antistatic agents, and are used in PVC and styrenic polymers. Other anionic antistats include alkyl phosphonic, dithiocarba-mic, and carboxylic acids. 

Monovalent and polyvalent alkyl carboxylates are respectively called "soap" and "metallic soap." The straight chain of the fatty acids varies from C12 to C20. Higher members are too hydrophobic to be used and lower members have little surfactant value. Stearic acid soaps are doubtless the most widely utilized emulsifiers in oil-in-waier emulsions. Unsaturated fatty acid soaps such as oleate produce fluid emulsions (IS). The most common associated cations are sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, ammonium, and triethanolamine. Monovalent salts of carboxylic acids are generally used to produce oil-in-water emulsions. 

C6.C12) Alkyl carboxylic acid, trimethylolpropane triester. See Trimethylolpropane tricaprylate/tricaprate (C10-C18) alkylsulfonic acid, sodium salt. See Sodium C10-18 alkyl sulfonate C29-70 carboxylic acids. See C29-70 acid CCA Type C Wood Preservative 50-60%. See Chromate copper arsenate CCC. See Chlormequat chloride Calcium cyanamide Chlorophyllin-copper complex N-(C14-C18) and (C18-C18) unsaturated alkylpropylenediamine C14-C18 and C18-18-unsat. N-(alkyl) propylene diamine. See Tallowaminopropylamine (C18-C18) and (Cl 8) unsaturated alkylcarboxylic acid. See Palmitic/oleic acids (C18-C18) and C18 unsaturated alkyidimethylamine. See Dimethyl oleic-linolenic amine... 

The metallation of a-olefins with sodium alkyls results after acidification in the formation of unsaturated.acids [28]. This reaction is accompanied by isomerization of the double bond (Figure 12) and by the formation of a small quantity of dicarboxylic acids via dimetal lation of the starting compound. For example, the carboxylation of the sodium derivatives of a Cg-n olefin fraction in the presence of amylchloride gives up to 37 % acids which were almost completely (93-100 %) unsaturated [29]. 

Anionic anti-static agents are usually alkali salts of alkyl sulphonic and sometimes phosphonic or carboxylic acids. Sodium alkyl sulphonates are recommended for styrenics. 

Luangpirom et al. [36] also report finite contact angles against precipitates of a variety of single-chain sodium and calcium alkyl carboxylates and snlfates. It wonld not be surprising therefore if all such precipitates exhibit some antifoam behavior. Of particular importance in this context are the calcinm carboxylate soap precipitates that have often found application as antifoams. We return to discussion of such systems in Section 4.7.7. 

Sodium alkyl ether sulphate/ carboxylate/phosphate... 

Anionic antistatic additives have active ingredients such as alkyl sulfonates, sulfates or phosphates, dithiocarbamates, or carboxylates. Sodium alkyl sulfonates produce an antistatic effect in PVC as well as in styrenic polymers. 

---