Smoke stain

Bacharach smoke scale A scale of 10 shades of white to black for a smoke stain formed in a prescribed manner by a pumping action through a filter paper, used for the assessment of smoke from combustion appliances. 

Smoke stain When a certain quantity of dirty air is passed through a filter paper, the degree of staining on the paper is measured and expressed as a concentration of equivalent standard smoke by means of an optical reflectometer. 

A Del Electronics, Model ESP-100A, electrostatic precipitator was used for sample collection. Cigarette smoke particles were found to give approx the same particle distribution pattern on the collection filter paper as the gunshot residue, and since the smoke stains the paper, this provided a v rapid technique for optimizing operation conditions. With a flow rate of 15cfm and a corona current of 125 uA, the residue collects primarily on a narrow band across the sample paper. Samples were collected on Whatman No 1541 filter paper which lined the inside of the sample collection tube. The presence of this paper allowed air to flow only thru the center of the tube, so particle collection was made upon the filter paper exclusively. The filter paper samples were pelletized prior to neutron activation analysis... 

Teeth have a transparent outer layer of enamel which is about 2 mm thick, and an inner layer of white dentine which surrounds the innermost pulp cavity where the nerves are located. Both the enamel and the dentine are calcium phosphate, a mineral that can exist in various forms, that of the enamel layer being hydroxyapatite, which is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals. When this is exposed to fluoride it forms an even harder mineral fluoroapatite. Unfortunately both this and hydroxyapatite are slightly porous and this is why teeth become stained by chemicals such as polyphenols and other dark coloured substances that are present in coffee, tea, red wine, bilberries, blueberries, and cigarette smoke. (Staining can also be caused by tetracycline antibiotics, especially when taken by children whose teeth are developing. This type of discoloration is permanent, which is why such antibiotics are now only prescribed for adults.)... 

Conditional evidence. This type of evidence is produced by an event or action and includes direction of the smoke stains, the speed at which the fires spread, the amount, type, and degree of melted material, the condition of the electrical system and fuse box, the condition of the fire alarm and/or smoke detectors, and the location of the safe, important documents, and valuables. This type of evidence often can be used to determine the cause of the fire and/ or be used to reconstruct the fire. 

Wood rosin process Woodruffite Wood shakes Wood shingles Wood smoke Woods strike Wood stain Wood stains Woodward s synthesis Wood waste Wood waste ash Wood wastes Woody fragrances Woody odor... 

Abrasive. Dentifrices have the unique ability to remove extrinsic tooth stains, which are caused by agents such as berries, tea, smoking, antibiotics, and certain bacteria as they attach to the dental pellicle. These stains can be removed only by abrasive cleaning a toothbmsh alone is not adequately effective. It has been shown that only 4% of a test population were able to maintain thein teeth in an acceptably stain-free state without an abrasive and that 18% of the population were "heavy" stainers (2). However, colored materials found in dental plaque are removable without abrasives. 

Black smoke (BS) is a particulate measure that typically contains at least 50% respirable particulates smaller than 4.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter, sampled by the British smokeshade (BS) method. The reflectance of light is measured by the darkness of the stain caused by particulates on a white filter paper. The result of BS sampling depends on the density of the stain and the optical properties of the particulates. Because the method is based on reflectance from elemental carbon, its use is recommended in areas where coal smoke from domestic fires is the dominant component of ambient particulates. 

Solvent dyes are also used in the coloration of any solvent or wax based product, including polishes, cosmetics, crayons, candles, inks, stains and adhesives. They are also in the coloured smokes that are used in outdoor displays, for instance coloured trails from aircraft, and in safety and security applications. 

Good charcoal is very dark, possesses a bright lustre and somewhat conchoidal fracture it resists gradual pressure to a considerable extent, and produces a sharp sonorous sound when allowed to fell upon a hard body. It should burn when ignited without either flame or smoke, and when handled no stain ought to remain. Although in bulk it floats in water,... 

Smoking causes several cosmetic changes too. Tobacco stains teeth and fingers. Smoke odor on breath, clothes, and hair may be offensive to others. Smokers are nearly five times more likely to develop more and deeper skin wrinkles, and have a higher risk for baldness and prematurely gray hair. 

Nanoparticles are frequently used as a suspension in some kind of solvent. This is a two phase mixture of suspended solid and liquid solvent and is thus an example of a colloid. The solid doesn t separate out as a precipitate partially because the nanoparticles are so small and partially because they are stabilised by coating groups that prevent their aggregation into a precipitate and enhance their solubility. Colloidal gold, which has a typical red colour for particles of less than 100 nm, has been known since ancient times as a means of staining glass. Colloid science is a mature discipline that is much wider than the relatively recent field of nanoparticle research. Strictly a colloid can be defined as a stable system of small particles dispersed in a different medium. It represents a multi-phase system in which one dimension of a dispersed phase is of colloidal size. Thus, for example, a foam is a gas dispersed in a liquid or solid. A liquid aerosol is a liquid dispersed in gas, whereas a solid aerosol (or smoke) is a solid dispersed in a gas. An emulsion is a liquid dispersed in a liquid, a gel is liquid dispersed in a solid and a soils a solid dispersed in a liquid or solid. We saw in Section 14.7 the distinction between sol and gel in the sol gel process. 

From the observation that Mr AP s fingers and teeth are stained yellow, it appears likely that he is either a smoker or an ex-smoker. Also as a former coal miner, he may have been exposed to other occupational hazards it has been suggested that up to 15% of lung cancer cases in men may be attributable to occupational factors in conjunction with smoking (Cancer Research UK, 2004). 

Application of natural aqueous smoke flavourings to meat is done in large part for the purpose of producing smoked colour. Smoke solutions are applied to the surface of meat where smoked product colour is desired. The carbonyls are known to be the initiators of a brown smoked colour. While aqueous smoke solutions are innately a reddish brown colour, virtually none of this colour is imparted to the product through a staining effect. Rather, carbonyls first react with amines to produce Schiff bases which eventually end up as mealnoidins through complex, multiple-step reactions which are driven by heat and dehydration. 

Pellicle has a tendency to develop stain, termed extrinsic stain, particularly in those areas of the dentition which are inaccessible to toothbrushing and the abrasive action of a dentifrice [137-139], Extrinsic staining has been reported to be promoted by smoking, dietary intake of tannin-rich foods (e.g. tea, red wine) and the use of certain cationic agents such as chlorhexidine, tin and iron [140-144], Proposed mechanisms of extrinsic stain formation have been reviewed over the years by a number of authors [140,145-148] and the focus of recent attention has been the staining associated with chlorhexidine. 

In a recent in vivo study [143], the amount of extrinsic stain formed over a 6-week period of normal toothbrushing was found to be correlated with the amount of tea consumption and smoking. This confirmed the observation that smoking is well known to cause extrinsic stain [166], but also gave the... 

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