Spread of fires

Providing firebreaks, about 15 m wide, between sections, hke firebreaks in a forest, to restrict the spread of fire. 

To make these polymers have the desired properties, certain additives (chemicals), as noted below, are added to the sheathing compound in specific ratios. The additives act like Hame retardants and diminish the igniiability of the insulation by lowering the temperature of the cable, delaying ignition and resisting the spread of fire in the insulation and ihe polymeric compounds... 

Where greater safety for equipment and personnel against a likely occurrence of fire is a pre-requisite FRLS coating is used on practically all types of cables described above, as in IEEE 38.3. lEC 60332 I and lEC 60754-1. This coating will restrict ihe spread of fire and produee a low smoke. 

Wherever the rising mains crosses through a floor of the building, fireproof barriers are provided as shown in Figure 28.3(b) to contain the spread of fire to other floors. 

HS(Gjl58 Flame aiTcsters - preventing the spread of fires and explosions m equipment that contains flammable... 

Fire hazards are minimized by minimum inventories of chemicals. Control or miniini/e ignition sources, provide a confining area, reduce the temperature of the material as much iis possible, blanket the material to eliminate air contact. Have available fire protection equipment breathing apparatus, and protective clothing for the fire fighters. Use several hour fire walls to prevent the spread of fire to other process areas. 

Tlie growfii and spread of fires occurs fiuough heat transfer or tlie migration of burning materials. There are fiuee main modes of heat transfer conduction, convection, and radiation. 

A rectangular block layout should be followed to provide adequate roadways between process equipment for emergency vehicle access and minimize the spread of fire. 

Richardson, J.F. Fuel 28 (1949) 265. Spread of fire by thermal conduction. 

Safer plants are designed so that those incidents, which do occur, do not produce knock-on or domino effects. For example safer plants are provided with fire breaks between sections to restrict the spread of fire, or if flammable materials are handled, the plant is built out-of-door so that leaks can be dispersed by natural ventilation. 

In normal atmospheric conditions, fire usually is initialed by a combustible material coming in contact with a heat source. The spread of fire occurs due to direct flame impingement or the transfer of heat to the surrounding combustible materials. Heat transfer occurs by three principal mechanisms - conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is the movement of heat through a stationary medium, such as solids, liquids or gases. Steel is a good conductor of heat as is aluminum, therefore they can pass the heat of a fire if left unprotected. 

Fire Retardant - In general a term that denotes a substantially lower degree of fire resistance than "fire resistive. It is frequently used to refer to materials or structures that are combustible but have been subjected to treatment or surface coatings to prevent or retard ignition of the spread of fire. 

Solid transverse barriers should be installed as fire stops at 300-500 ft (91-152 m) intervals in main below grade pipe trenches to prevent spills from leaking or broken lines from spreading to the entire pipe trench. If a spill ignites, the barrier can prevent the spread of fire to other sections of the pipe trench. A drain inlet should be provided in each section of the pipe trenches to carry away the flow of leaks and fire water, if a fire should occur. 

Outdoor transformers should be physically separated from adjacent structures and from each other by firewalls, spatial separation, or other means for the purpose of limiting the damage and potential spread of fire from a transformer failure. 

Fuel is typically removed from a fire by isolating liquid spills at source or, for ordinary combustible fires, by cutting a firebreak to prevent the spread of fire. Fuel available for a fire can also be reduced by cooling, which reduces the amount of vaporization of the fuel making less available for combustion. 

After 11 22 AM. Spread of fire is slowed using water from fire department trucks. 

Subdivision of one large risk into smaller fire areas may also be accomplished by means of fire walls which stop the spread of fire.from one area to another. To accomplish this, the wall must be carried through the roof and either go through the side walls for a distance of at least 36 inches or turn back on both ends for a distance of several feet to provide a barrier around which the fire cannot travel... 

Fire Door A specially constructed, tested, and approved door installed for the purpose of preventing the spread of fire. 

The control of bacterial diseases with the currently available products Is very unsatisfactory. The problem has become urgent with the spread of fire blight (Erwlnla amylovora) In Europe, and the Increased Incidence of bacterial leaf blight of rice (Xanthomonas oryzae) and citrus canker (Xanthomonas cltrl) as well as many other bacterial diseases. The direct control of virus diseases Is cur-... 

If these two features were better known -- that ordinary paints as applied to ordinary construction do not constitute an additional hazard and that special paints can be used to provide an extra measure of protection at critical points by retarding the initial rate of spread of fire -- the proper climate of public opinion would prevail that would ensure the further development and use of true fire-retardant paints. 

If the paint is of a flammable nature with a low ignition point, it may materially aid the spread of fire. 

Slow-burning means a product which, even though it is combustible, will provide a measurable resistance to both ignition and the rapid spread of fire over its surface but which has a lesser degree of resistance than fire-retardan materials. 

When one considers the millions of non-fire-resistive substandard buildings in use today, it appears obvious that the field of opportuniyt is unlimited for marketing a good, reliable fire-retardant paint. A paint that would retard the ignition and spread of fire to a measurable degree would render many of these substandard buildings reasonably safe, and a paint or mastic that would increase the fire-resistance of an ordinary wood-studded, wood lath and plaster partition to 1-hour resistance, would find an immediate demand. 

During the initial stages of a fire, fire-retardant-treated wood contributes less heat than does untreated wood, especially from the flammable volatiles (8,26). This means that the spread of fire to nearby combustibles is slow. The fire tends to be confined to the primary source. In the ASTM E84 test for building materials, treated specimens produce about 75 percent less heat than untreated red oak. In a total combustion test, however, such as the National Bureau of Standards potential heat method (54), both treated and untreated wood release about the same total heat. 

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