Smoke, black

Low capacity shaft kilns, direct-fired manually with bituminous coal, which were extant during 1900—1940, largely disappeared following World War 11 because of their high thermal and labor costs, poor lime quaUty, and offensive emission of black smoke. Another kiln that was phased out in the United... 

Fig. 1-6. (Right) Pittsburgh before the decrease in black smoke. Source Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. (Left) Pittsburgh after the decrease in black smoke. Source Allegheny County, Pennsylvania...

Before the widespread acceptance of the Ringelmann scale, smoke was regulated by prohibiting the emission of black smoke. Now regulatory... 

The UK Environment Agency deals with over 6000 oil pollution incidents each year. One estimate suggests tliat tlie cheiTtical industry contributes to 50% of all ah pollution witli proportions approximating to sulphur dioxide (36%), carbon dioxide (28%), nitrogen oxides (18%), carbon monoxide (14%) and black smoke (10%). Motor spirit refining is responsible for ca 26% of emissions of volatile organic compounds to the atmosphere. In 1996 there were over 20 000 reports of water pollution incidents with 155 successful prosecutions. 

Sulphur dioxide in ambient air Black smoke index in ambient air Tetrachloromercurate/pararosaline... 

Black smoke (BS) is a particulate measure that typically contains at least 50% respirable particulates smaller than 4.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter, sampled by the British smokeshade (BS) method. The reflectance of light is measured by the darkness of the stain caused by particulates on a white filter paper. The result of BS sampling depends on the density of the stain and the optical properties of the particulates. Because the method is based on reflectance from elemental carbon, its use is recommended in areas where coal smoke from domestic fires is the dominant component of ambient particulates. 

Fire Hazards - Flash Point (deg. F) > 160 CC Flammable Limits in Air (%) Not pertinent Fire Extinguishing Agents Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam Fire Extinguishing Agents Not To Be Used Water may be ineffective Special Hazards of Combustion Products Data not available Behavior in Fire Heavy, irritating black smoke is formed Ignition Temperature (deg. F) Cil-, Electrical Hazard Not pertinent Burning Rate Data not available. 

Another incident occurred when a tank truck drove underneath a loading arm that was dripping gasoline. The engine started to race and emitted black smoke, but fortunately no ignition occurred [10]. 

When Explosive D is ignited in an unconfined state, it burns slowly, emitting dense black smoke without detonation. When confined and heated to its ignition temp, it will expld. When detonated completely, it emits a dense cloud of black smoke with a sooty deposit and an odor of ammonia. 

Screening smokes are generally white because black smokes are rarely sufficiently dense. Signal smokes, on the other hand, are colored so as to assure contrast and be distinct in the presence of clouds and ordinary smoke... 

It turned out that this gal and other people were being affected by a great plume of black smoke that went up all over Victoria when the Department of National Defence was training firefighters. They... 

PS Sensitivity to UV, low temperatures, impact (apart from butadiene-modified grades), solvents, heat readily flammable with dripping and dense black smoke sometimes difficult machining. 

Benzene is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinct, sweet odor. It burns with a smolcy flame, as do other hydrocarbons with high aromatic concent. (That s why kerosenes with high aromatic content do not make good jet fuel or burning grade kerosene—too much black smoke.) Benzene is only slightly soluble, in water. 

This emissive power is assumed to be over the whole flame surface area, and is significantly less than the emissive powers that can be calculated from point source measurements. Increasing the pool diameter reduces the emissive power due to the increasing black smoke outside the flame and the resulting obscuration effect on the luminous flame. 

Visual stimuli may influence the perceived odor intensity. An odorous and an odorless solution that were slightly tinted with yellow were more often considered odorous than the corresponding clear solutions with and without odor (Engen, 1972). Based on these findings, Cain (1978) pointed out that in the realm of air pollution the sight of black smoke from a factory may drastically increase the number of odor complaints whether or not the odor is indeed more intense. 

In general, pyrolants composed of a polymeric material and AN particles are smokeless in character, their burning rates are very low, and their pressure exponents of burning rate are high. However, black smoke is formed as i decreased and carbonaceous layers are formed on the burning surface. These carbonaceous layers are formed from the undecomposed polymeric materials used as the matrix of the pyrolant. When crystalline AN particles are mixed with GAP, GAP-AN pyrolants are formed. Since GAP burns by itself, the GAP used as a matrix for AN particles decomposes completely and bums with the oxidizer gases generated by the AN particles. 

A flow stream produced from boiling water appears white in color. Similar to cloud in the sky, condensed water vapor shows a white color in the atmosphere. Humid air leads to condensation when nucleating materials are present in the atmosphere, producing a white-colored fog. However, condensed water vapor and fog appear as black smoke when the background is brighter than the foreground. 

The soUd carbon formed appears as soot, which is dispersed as a black smoke in the atmosphere without its combustion. Similar reactions of mixtures of Al-ZnO-C2Clg, Al-Ti02-C2Cl5, and Mn-ZnO-C2Cl6 generate black smoke as follows ... 

The smoke characteristics of three types of pyrolants, namely nitropolymer pyrolants composed of NC-NG with and without a nickel catalyst, and a B-KNO3 pyrolant, have been examined in relation to the use of these pyrolants as igniters of rocket motors. Though nitropolymer pyrolants are fundamentally smokeless in nature, a large amount of black smoke is formed when they burn at low pressures below about 4 MPa due to incomplete combustion. Metallic nickel or organonickel compounds are known to catalyze the gas-phase reaction of nitropolymer pyrolants. 

Since NC is a fuel-rich nitrate ester, a nitropolymer propellant with a high NC content generates black smoke as a combustion product. In addition, the combustion of nitropolymer propellants becomes incomplete at low pressures below about 3 MPa and black smoke composed of solid carbon particles is formed. This incomplete combustion is caused by the slow rates of the reactions of NO with aldehydes and CO in the combustion wave. Thus, the nitropolymer propellants are no longer smokeless propellants under low-pressure burning conditions. 

A variety of events that will lead to smoke production can occur in the pyrotechnic flame. Incomplete burning of an organic fuel will produce a black, sooty flame (mainly atomic carbon). A highly-oxidized fuel such as a sugar is not likely to produce carbon. Materials such as naphthalene (C loH s) and anthracene ( C i H 101 - volatile solids with high carbon content - are good candidates for soot production. Several mixtures that will produce black smokes are listed in Table 8. 1. 

Black smoke is typically produced in diesel engines operating at or near full load. This occurs because the fuel volume injected exceeds the volume of air available in the combustion chamber needed for complete combustion of fuel carbon. Carbon particles and soot form to give the smoke a black or dark gray color. 

Highly aromatic, low- API diesel fuel can also enhance black smoke production. This is due to the fact that more fuel mass is injected per volume of fuel than would be from higher-°API fuel. Also, there are a variety of mechanical factors which can influence black smoke production such as poorly functioning injectors and air intake system problems. 

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