Teeth staining

Figure 2. Dental plaque on human teeth A, unstained dentition B, the same teeth stained with solution disclosing the presence of plaque (dark areas on...

Remove teeth stains (toothpastes used in brushing)... 

Tetracyclines are used as alternative dnigs in a variety of circumstances when the patient is unable to take the dnig of choice, eg, in patients allergic to penicillin (88,89). Tetracyclines are widely known to cause staining of teeth (and are therefore contra-indicated in children developing permanent teeth), photosensitivity, and, in the case of minocycline, vestibular toxicity. Details of these adverse effects and others associated with administration of tetracyclines have been comprehensively reviewed (96—101). 

Dental abrasives can be classified either according to their use or according to the degree of their abiUty to abrade (see Dentifrices). The use classification, adopted for the ADA specification no. 37 for powdered dental abrasive materials, is based on removal of stain from natural teeth or on restorations of all types. Several abrasives are used in dentistry in a variety of grit sizes and shapes. 

Abrasive. Dentifrices have the unique ability to remove extrinsic tooth stains, which are caused by agents such as berries, tea, smoking, antibiotics, and certain bacteria as they attach to the dental pellicle. These stains can be removed only by abrasive cleaning a toothbmsh alone is not adequately effective. It has been shown that only 4% of a test population were able to maintain thein teeth in an acceptably stain-free state without an abrasive and that 18% of the population were "heavy" stainers (2). However, colored materials found in dental plaque are removable without abrasives. 

Oral iron solutions may cause temporary staining of the teeth. The solution is diluted with 2 to 4 oz of water or juice and drunk through a straw. The stool may appear darker or black this is a normal occurrence and not a reason for concern. 

Mix the liquid iron preparation with water or juice and drink through a straw to prevent staining of the teeth. 

The supposed human remains were accompanied by flint implements and animal teeth, all of which apparently supported the early date attributed to the find. The flint implements were of a reddish color, matching that of local flints, but spectrographic analysis revealed that they had been artificially stained with chromium and iron salts below the layer of stain there was a white crust, whereas local flints were brown throughout. The animal teeth also seemed to have been "planted" at the burial site so as to suggest an early date the red-brown color of the teeth had also been artificially stained chromium and iron had been found when they were analyzed. A hippopotamus tooth, previously supposed to be contemporary with the tool carved from the elephant s tusk, was also stained with chromium and iron salts and contained little fluorine. 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 1134-1135.) Hematologic toxicity is by far the most important adverse effect of chloramphenicol The toxicity consists of two types (1) bone marrow depression (common) and (2) aplastic anemia (rare) Chloramphenicol can produce a potentially fatal toxic reaction, the gray baby syndrome, caused by diminished ability of neonates to conjugate chloramphenicol with resultant high serum concentrations. Tetracyclines produce staining of the teeth and phototoxicity... 

Acetaldehyde and acetoin can be excreted in substantial amounts by lactic acid bacteria, in addition to diacetyl and methylglyoxal. For example, acetoin excretion has been studied in Streptococcus mutans (Hillman et al., 1987). Acetaldehyde (Nordbo, 1971) and methylglyoxal (Armstrong, 1964) stain teeth in vitro. 

Addy M and Moran J (1995) Mechanisms of stain formation on teeth, in particular associated with metal ions and antiseptics. Adv Dent Res 9, 450-456. 

Slots J (1974) The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth. Scand J Dent Res 84, 484-490. 

Q46 may be used in the treatment of intestinal candidiasis Q47 inhibits plaque formation on teeth Q48 may cause brov/n staining of teeth... 

Chlorhexidine may cause brown staining of the teeth and therefore patients are advised not to use chlorhexidine on a long-term basis. 

Gl irritation anorexia nausea vomiting constipation diarrhea. Stools may appear darker in color. Iron-containing liquids may cause temporary staining of the teeth. 

Red discoioration of body fluids Rifapentine may produce a predominately red-orange discoloration of body tissues or fluids (eg, skin, teeth, tongue, urine, feces, saliva, sputum, tears, sweat, cerebrospinal fluid). Contact lenses may become permanently stained. 

Excess exposure to fluoride results in stained or mottled teeth. This is common in areas where fluoride water levels are above 4 ppm. Chronic elevated fluoride exposure can also result in increased bone density. Fluoride has been used to treat decreased bone density. 

The most conspicuous side effect of chlorhexidine is the development of a yellow to brownish extrinsic stain on the teeth and soft tissues of some patients. The discoloration on tooth surfaces is extremely tenacious, and a professional tooth cleaning using abrasives is necessary to remove it completely. The staining is dose dependent, and variation in severity is pronounced between individuals. This side effect is attributed to the cationic na-... 

Yellow or brownish extrinsic stain of teeth is a frequently observed side effect of... 

Several methods have been developed for quantifying dental fluorosis. The most commonly used method is Dean s index [49], which classifies fluorosis on a scale of 0 to 4 as follows class 0, no fluorosis class 1, very mild fluorosis (opaque white areas irregularly covering <25% of the tooth surface) class 2, mild fluorosis (white areas covering 25-50% of the tooth surface) class 3, moderate fluorosis (all surfaces affected, with some brown spots and marked wear on surfaces subject to attrition) and class 4, severe fluorosis (widespread brown stains and pitting). The average score of the two most severely affected teeth is used to derive the classification. Other commonly used methods to rate dental fluorosis include the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI) [50] and the tooth surface... 

Oral administration can cause nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, metallic taste, staining of teeth, constipation and diarrhoea both can occur, but constipation is more common. 

Other agents are also available, which are used to remove pigmentation of teeth e.g. weak ammonia solution is used to remove iodine stains, hypochlorite or iodine solution are used to remove silver stains, hypochlorites are used to remove iron stains of teeth and for dye stains, chlorinated lime and acetic acid are used. 

An ideal dentifrice should assist the toothbrush to mechanically remove debris, soft deposits and stains from the teeth. 

Tetracycline Moderate Possibility of permanent staining of developing teeth in the infant. Should be avoided during lactation. 

One of the rarer porphyrias results in an accumulation of uroporphyrinogen I, an abnormal isomer of a protoporphyrin precursor. This compound stains the urine red, causes the teeth to fluoresce strongly in ultraviolet light, and makes the skin abnormally sensitive to sunlight. Many individuals with this porphyria... 

Tannins are responsible for the brown stains in coffee mugs or on a coffee drinkers teeth. Because tannins are acidic, they can be readily removed with an alkaline cleanser. Use a little laundry bleach on the mug, and brush your teeth with baking soda. 

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