Brown smoke

D-86 is the most common method used in refineries. The distillation is done at atmospheric pressure. It is used for samples with an EP less than 750 F (400°C). Above this temperature, the sample begins to crack. Thermal cracking is identified by a drop in the temperature of distilled vapor, the presence of brown smoke, and a rise in the system pressure. Above 750 E liquid temperature, the distilling flask begins to deform. All of today s ECC feeds are too heavy to use the D-86... 

FASTEN A SMALL WAD OF STEEL WOOL TO A PIECE OF WIRE. HEAT IT WITH A MATCH AND LOWER IT INTO CHLORINE-FILLED BOTTLE. A HEAVY BROWN SMOKE OF IRON CHLORIDE POURS OUT. 

DeMent (Ref) proposed to use the following Co ion contg mixts as smoke-producing pyrotechnic compns a)Co stearate 2.0, K chlorate 10.0 to 12.0 Amm acid fluoride 4.0 to 8.0 parts. This compn, when ignited by a flame, produced a heavy, voluminous fine white smoke b)When using monochloroacetic acid in previous mixt, instead of fluoride, the color of smoke produced was blue-white c)Equal parts of Co chloride, K bromate, K bromide, sulfur, K chlorate K acid sulfate burned with the emission of a green to green-brown smoke d)Equal parts of Co nitrate, K bromate, K bromide, sulfur, K chlorate K acid sulfate burned with the emission of grn to gm-bm smoke e)A mixt of Co chloride 1.0, K chlorate 2.0,K iodate 1.0, K iodide 1.0 sulfur 1.5 parts burned with evolution of a heavy voluminous deep violet smoke Ref J.DeMent, USP 2995526 (1961), p8... 

When all the fires were extinguished, a brown smoke was still seen at ground level. When a fireman entered into the building to evaluate the scene and opened the window to look inside the heavily smoking room, reignition of the fire occurred 3 . ... 

Antimony trisulphide burns in combination with ammonium perchlorate producing a slightly green flame(in the case of sulphur a slightly red flame) and can generate red brown smoke in combination with potassium nitrate and charcoal. 

Application of natural aqueous smoke flavourings to meat is done in large part for the purpose of producing smoked colour. Smoke solutions are applied to the surface of meat where smoked product colour is desired. The carbonyls are known to be the initiators of a brown smoked colour. While aqueous smoke solutions are innately a reddish brown colour, virtually none of this colour is imparted to the product through a staining effect. Rather, carbonyls first react with amines to produce Schiff bases which eventually end up as mealnoidins through complex, multiple-step reactions which are driven by heat and dehydration. 

Figure 376. String-like agglomerates of brown smoke particles obtained by natural, magnetic coagulation ...

Figure 377. Dendritic growth of strings of brown smoke (Figure 376) in an electrostatic field ...

Used as a filling for smoke candles smoke torch Mark 1 Type S. KNO3 45%, sulphur 12%, pitch 30%, borax 9%, glue 4%. Later, the Mark 2 appeared KNO3 40%, sulphur 14%, pitch (hard) 29%, borax 8%, coal dust 9%. Yellow-brown smoke. Not a good obscurant but cheap and much used in WWI. 

Fig. 8.4 String-like agglomerates of brown smoke" particles produced by natural magnetic coagulation [B.48]...

Many coals contain, or generate, considerable quantities of volatile matter (Chapters 8 and 9) and will also evolve tar at approximately 450°C (840°F). In this simple combustion method, heat is transferred ahead of the flame front by radiation and convection causing the distillation of the volatile tar matter at temperatures below the ignition temperature. The purpose of the secondary air is to bum the volatile matter and in simple appliances it is not difficult to supply the necessary air, but there is rarely sufficient turbulence to mix it with the volatiles and thus the temperature in the zone above the bed can easily fall below the value where ignition is possible. As a result, there may be the emission of a yellow-brown smoke containing pollutants such as hydrocarbons and the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. 

Organic vapors Mineraloids develop upon heating a brown smoke, mostly accompanied by dark distillation products and an empyreumatic odour. Only amber or natural resins produce an aromatic odour. 

Hot iron wool glows brightly when chlorine passes over it. Brown smoke forms, and a brown solid is left behind. 

The iron glows less brightly when bromine is used. Brown smoke and a brown solid are formed. 

Increase temperature until you see brown smoke. If temperature does not exceed 90°C., decrease water/sand in hot bath (you can even take out all of water etc., but... 

---