Small interfering RNA and

Antisense RNAs, RNA decoys, ribozymes, small interfering RNAs, and RNA ap-tamers are potential tools in antiviral gene therapy. The application of the antiviral RNAs is described in detail in Chap. 9 of this volnme by J. Haasnoot and B. Berkhont. 

Hasuwa H, Kaseda K, Einarsdottir T et al (2002) Small interfering RNA and gene silencing... 

Hasuwa, H., Kaseda, K., Einarsdottir, T., and Okabe, M. (2002) Small interfering RNA and gene silencing in transgenic mice and rats. FEBS Lett. 532, 227-230. 

Micura R. Small interfering RNAs and their chemical synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2002 41 2265-2269. 

Transcription is the process of using a DNA template to produce RNA. Many types of RNA are produced, such as messenger RNA, transfer RNA, rihosomal RNA, micro RNA, small interfering RNA, and small nuclear RNA. 

Vickers T A, Koo S, et al. (2003). Efficient reduction of target RNAs by small interfering RNA and RNase H-dependent antisense agents. A comparative analysis. /. Biol. Chem. 278 7108-7118. 

Harborth J, Elbashir S M, et al. (2003). Sequence, chemical, and structural variation of small interfering RNAs and short hairpin RNAs and the effect on mammalian gene silencing. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 13 83-105. 

Recently, the related phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) has attracted much attention [5]. RNAi occurs when a short (generally 21 nucleotides in length) double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) catalyticaUy represses the translation of a fully complementary mRNA sequence. The process appears to proceed via a complex formed between the antisense RNA strand and a protein with RNase activity [6]. Upon binding to the target mRNA sequence, the ribonucleoprotein complex initiates cleavage of the mRNA transcript thus preventing translation of intact protein. After dissociation from the truncated mRNAs, the ribonucleoprotein complex is free to act on other intact mRNAs. Such small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have... 

Meyer M, Wagner E (2006) Recent developments in the application of plasmid DNA-based vectors and small interfering RNA therapeutics for cancer. Hum Gene Ther 17 1062-1076... 

Thomas M, Kularatne S A, Qi L, Kleindl P, Leamon CP, Hansen MJ, Low PS (2009) Ligand-targeted delivery of small interfering RNAs to malignant cells and tissues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1175 32-39... 

Oligonucleotide-based drugs such as antisense drugs, aptamers, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) have attracted considerable attention as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of various human diseases [59], To develop... 

Lares MR, Rossi JJ, Ouellet DL (2010) RNAi and small interfering RNAs in human disease therapeutic applications. Trends Biotechnol 28 570-579... 

Sioud, M. and Iversen, R 2005. Ribozymes, DNAzymes and small interfering RNAs as therapeutics. Current... 

In summary, the preformed vesicle approach and detergent dialysis procedure have enabled development of nucleic acid-based therapeutics with clinical utility. Further applications of these liposomal systems with new nucleic acid-based therapeutics such as small interfering RNA for gene silencing are being developed and have demonstrated promising results (28). 

Proteasome inhibition by lactacystin and Bz-LLL-COCHO (benzol-Leu-Leu-Leu-glyoxal) causes a significant increase of ABP and cell death by altering APP processing at the y-secretase site (406). Resveratrol does not inhibit ABP production because it has no effect on 3-, or y-secretases, but promotes instead intracellular degradation of ABP via a mechanism that involves the proteasome. The resveratrol-induced decrease of ABP can be effectively prevented by several selective proteasome inhibitors and by small interfering RNA-directed silencing on the proteasome subunit P5 (407). 

S. Aharinejad, P. Paulus, M. Sioud, M. Hoffmann, K. Zins, R. Schaefer, E. R. Stanley, and D. Abraham, Colony-stimulating factor-1 blockade by antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs suppresses growth of human mammary tumor xenografts in mice, Cancer Res. 64(15), 5378-5384 (2004). 

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