Small containers disposal

Veiy small containers, such as ampules, and containers holding liquids for use other than storage, such as batteries, which may be disposed directly in a hazardous-waste landfill. 

Disposal in Landfills of Small Containers of Hazardous Waste in Overpacked Drums Yes 40 CFR 264.316 EPA 1982e... 

Most laboratory-generated waste is disposed of in lab packs. Lab packs are steel drums containing small containers of compatible hazardous wastes. The small containers in the drum are packaged in chemical adsorbent. The drum is then sealed and sent to a hazardous waste landfill. As of July 8, 1989 certain waste chemicals in lab packs are restricted from landfills. Most of these are listed in Table E-2. 

Explosive materials must be disposed of in a way that protects all personnel from consequences that might occur during handling. Potentially explosive material must not be disposed of in landfills, even in a laboratory pack. Small quantities of commercial explosives can be incinerated after reducing the explosive potential by dilution with a flammable solvent or solid such as sawdust. Small containers of diluted explosive should be fed into an incinerator one at a time. The incinerator operator should be fully aware of the nature of the materials being handled. Also any potentially explosive material(s) should only be transported on public roads with specialized handling equipment and adequate protection. 

Incinerators that accept only liquid wastes either blend them with fuels or incinerate directly. In either case, the disposer generally pumps the contents from the container. Small containers are less desirable than the standard 200-liter drum. Incinerators that accept solid waste generally incinerate without removing the waste from the container, avoiding the hazards of opening containers. Some facilities will accept a variety of containers, including individual bottles. Others prefer to accept wastes in fiber packs, which is a combustible version of the lab pack used in landfills. 

Compactor, manually loaded Small plastic or galvanized metal containers, disposable paper 75-200 Lt... 

Fig. 1 Series of quasitemary diagrams of bed samples from Test 3. (a) unused bed material, (b) bed material containing small agglomerates (disposed), and (c) sieved bed material (returned to boiler)...

In a pilot project of the Verband der Chemischen Industrie, a facility for disposing of chemical drums was erected in the Hoechst Ruhrchemie plant. After pretreatment, drums with capacities of >120 L are cleaned, dried, and examined for damage and cleanliness. Clean drums are forwarded to recycling. Damaged drums larger than 120 (60) L as well as small containers ( < 120 or 60 L) are ground, washed, and dried. The materials, in the form of pure steel scrap or sorted plastic chips, are then available for recycling [253], [270]. 

Laboratory waste typically leaves the genraator s facility commingled in drums as compatible wastes or within a Lab Pack. Lab Packs are containers, often 55-gaUon drums, in which small containers of waste are packed with an absorbent material. Lab Packs had been used as the principal method for disposing of laboratory waste within a landfill. However, recent landfill disposal restrictions severely limit landfill disposal of hazardous materials. Thus, the Lab Pack has become principally a shipping contains. Typically, the Lab Pack is taken to a disposal facility, where it is either incinerated or unpacked and the contents redistributed for safe, efficient, and legal treatment and disposal. 

Occupationai Spiii For small containers, place the leaking container in a well ventilated area. Take up small spills with absorbent material and place the waste into properly labeled containers for later disposal. For larger spills, dike the spill to minimize contamination and facilitate salvage or disposal. You may be able to neutralize the spill with sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfite. Your employer must comply with ERA rules regarding the clean-up of toxic waste and notify state and local authorities, if re-... 

Water separated from oil usually contains small amounts of oil which have to be removed before the water can be released to the environment. Specifications are getting tighter but standards ranging from 10-100 ppm (parts per million) oil in wafer before disposal are currently common. In most areas 40 ppm of oil in water is the legal requirement, i.e. 40 mg / litre. 

Small quantities of spilled form amide can be washed away with plenty of water. Larger amounts should be absorbed appropriately or pumped into containers for proper disposal by incineration or biological degradation in a sewage water treatment plant. 

Transuranic Waste. Transuranic wastes (TRU) contain significant amounts (>3,700 Bq/g (100 nCi/g)) of plutonium. These wastes have accumulated from nuclear weapons production at sites such as Rocky Flats, Colorado. Experimental test of TRU disposal is planned for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site near Carlsbad, New Mexico. The geologic medium is rock salt, which has the abiUty to flow under pressure around waste containers, thus sealing them from water. Studies center on the stabiUty of stmctures and effects of small amounts of water within the repository. 

Commercially, a small amount of the 4,4 -MDA is isolated by distillation from PMDA. Depending on the process employed, the removal of MDA can be partial (as is done with the isocyanates) or total. Partial removal of MDA gives some processiag latitude but yields of 4,4 -MDA are reduced. Distillation residues from PMDA manufacture that contain less than 1% MDA pose a disposal problem. Processes for the regeneration of MDA by heating these residues ia the presence of aniline and an acid catalyst have been patented (33—35). Waste disposal of PMDA is expensive and reclamation processes could become commercially viable. The versatility of the isocyanate process, however, can be used to avoid the formation of low MDA content distillation residues. 

Thermal degradation of isocyanates occurs on heating above 100—120°C. This reaction is exothermic, and a mnaway reaction can occur at temperatures >175° C. In view of the heat sensitivity of isocyanates, it is necessary to melt MDl with caution and to foUow suppHers recommendation. Disposal of empty containers, isocyanate waste materials, and decontamination of spilled isocyanates are best conducted using water or alcohols containing small amounts of ammonia or detergent. Eor example, a mixture of 50% ethanol, 2-propanol, or butanol 45% water, and 5% ammonia can be used to neutrali2e isocyanate waste and spills. Spills and leaks of isocyanates should be contained immediately, ie, by dyking with an absorbent material, such as saw dust. 

Misleading also is the idea that vinyl should be harmed from incinerators because it contains heavy-metal additives. This is an evolving issue. Most vinyl products do not contain heavy metals and vinyl is a small fraction in feed to incinerators. Reformulation to replace heavy metals is in progress but some use is likely to continue. Banning vinyl from incinerators does not eliminate this problem. Rather, regulations should specify that incinerator residues (ash) be disposed of appropriately. 

Yields of propylene chlorohydrin range from 87—90% with dichloropropane yields of 6—9%. The dichloropropane is not only a yield loss but also represents a disposal problem as few uses are known for this material. Since almost all the propylene chlorohydrin is dehydrochlorinated to propylene oxide with lime or sodium hydroxide, none of the chlorine appears in the final product. Instead, it ends up as dilute calcium or sodium chloride solutions, which usually contain small amounts of propylene glycol and other organic compounds that can present significant disposal problems. 

Process Dewatering Applications RO is usebil in many small appheations where there is a volume of water containing a small amount of contaminant. RO is often able to recover most of the water at a purity high enough for reuse. The waste is concentrated making its disposal less costly, which generally pays for the recovery process. 

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