Direct incineration

From the comparison it follows that route (1), direct incineration in MSWls, is generally the least favoiuable option in environmental terms. Hence, there is no doubt that the targets in the EU Packaging directive, which aim to steer away from incinerating plastics packaging in MSWls, have a sound rationale. 

Direct incineration is mainly used for organically contaminated soil with sufficient concentration that no or little additional fuel is needed. Incineration of contaminated soil in a rotary kiln would result in virtually complete destruction of TCE and diesel fuel. The organic portion of lead dithiocarbonate... 

This method gives exact and concordant results, which are not obtained by direct incineration or other methods. Indeed, during direct combustion and incineration of the bread, reactions occur between the sodium chloride and the natural components of the bread which result in the evolution of hydrochloric acid and other secondary changes leading to marked alteration of the final results. 

Direct incinerator Combustible 2000 <1 <95 M None High operating costs... 

Waste from chain grate power stations Residue from direct incineration Manufacture of phosphoric acid and of hydrofluoric acid Waste glass within household refuse Mining and quarrying slate... 

It can be seen that a significant proportion of the energy content of the waste is recovered by the gasification of the char and that the ultimate residue is decreased in comparison with the quantity of bottom ash produced compared with direct incineration. Solid plastic waste represents a significant stream for conversion back to energy [89]. 

When compared with direct incineration of the sludge, the solvent extraction route has at least 3 shortcomings. First, the solvent extraction route is unable to achieve the same cleanup equality as the direct incineration. Second, the hazardous nature of the material handled requires that the extraction process be carefully designed to be virtually leak-proof and this will be difficult and expensive. Third, it is inevitable that trace levels of solvent will be left behind in the processed sludge and this may be undesirable. 

On the positive side, when very large amounts of solids contaminated at low (yet unacceptable) levels are to be cleaned, the solvent extraction route may be economically more attractive than direct incineration. 

On the basis of desorption diaracteristics determined from bench-scale experiments, the economics of cleanup of Winston-Thomas tertiary lagoon sludge via solvent extraction route and direct incineration are compared. The fractionation unit is the single most important unit in the solvent extraction process. A clever design of this unit will have a significant impact on the economics of the cleanup via solvent extraction route. 

We, therefore, have an estimate of 12.95 million for cleanup through a solvent extraction scheme and 13 million for direct incineration. The significance of the (assumed) 2300 ppm of PCB level in the final extract is now readily apparent. 

Direct incineration will clean the solids much more thorouglily than is feasible... 

Overview Chemical agents other than mustard were destroyed by neutralization prior to incinerating or otherwise disposing of the generated secondary waste. Mustard in all forms was destroyed by direct incineration. This was the only practical choice where the agent had aged to an intractable solid or had been thickened with polymers. 

As well as direct incineration of plastics waste, imder clean and efficient conditions, there has been some research into conversion into fuel oil, by chemical methods. The Veba Combi-Cracking (VCC) process produces synthetic crude oil under liquid phase hydration. In trials, 100 tonnes of mixed and contaminated plastics waste from normal domestic sources was hydrated to high quality oil, similar to that used as a source for diesel fuel. With metal-free granular material, costs were estimated at about DM 500/tonne. The process has also been used with polyurethane waste, producing oil that can be mixed with new oil (but costing over twice). 

Polymers use their main feedstock—the crude oil—more efficiently than the direct incineration of it which is true today for more than 82% of fuel consumption. Plastics—which need ca. 6% of the total fuel demand in Germany—can be considered as the first recycling loop of crude oil since aU the energy content of the fuel is preserved and can stiU be used after disposal of plastic products. 

Energy recovery means the use of combustible packaging waste as a means to generate energy tluough direct incineration with or without other waste but with recovery of the heat. 

Prior operation with aluminum sulfate produced 18 to 30 m of sludge per day which was directly incinerated. Use of organic coagulants alone reduced this volume to 3 to 5 m per day of reusable matter, i.e. 0.17% of the volume of treated water. 

Energetical utilization, i.e. direct incineration of plastics waste has the disadvantage of the higher environmental impact in comparison to the incineration of oil or gas from raw-material recycling processes. Every step to higher environmental compatibility of incineration decreases its energetical usability and is coupled with an appropriate increase of costs. 

The most suitable processes for the energy recovery from polyolefin wastes are (1) direct incineration, and (2) thermal and mechanical treatments. The latter procedures are applied for the production of gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels in a complex pyrolysis-gasification-incineration system. 

High temperature, direct incineration of mustard is characterized by high efficiency. Under optimum conditions, the extent of destruction is as high as 99.9999%. A perceived risk that dioxins and benzofurans may be emitted is however a drawback of this technology. [1]... 

---