Site Reuse

Typically at NAPL recovery sites (i.e., refineries and bulk terminals), some quantity of groundwater is coproduced. A major concern arises from this process in that the coproduced water must be treated, disposed of, or both. An evaluation process then follows on how to handle the coproduced water. A number of factors that control the ultimate fate of the water include the average volume produced on a regular basis, the level of contamination, and site-specific physical constraints. 

It is one thing to design, test, and maintain a recovery system that effectively recovers NAPL, but the handling of the coproduced groundwater is another matter. The effectiveness of a recovery system can suffer if the disposal capacity is insufficient or treatment costs are high. Additionally, a cost-effective, low operation and maintenance recovery system can quickly be turned into a high-cost system if the coproduced water fate is not coordinated with the recovery system. A key factor will be the level of treatment required, if any, prior to disposal. Three alternatives are explored surface discharge refinery reuse and reinjection. 

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Threshold Determinations for On-Site Reuse/Recvde Operations. 

Treated soils can remain at elevated temperatures for months and even years after cleanup, which could affect site reuse plans. 

Treatment of DNAPLs may be limited unless a barrier exists or can be created to prevent downward migration of contaminants during treatment. The DUS technology cannot be applied to contaminated soil near the surface unless a cap exists because steam injection pressures cannot be maintained. Treated soils can remain at elevated temperatures for months and even years after cleanup, which could affect site reuse plans. 

Equipment is to be cleaned for off-site reuse or scrapping. Buildings are to be cleaned or demolished. 

Petroleum and other volatile organic-impacted soils Petroleum-contaminated soil is the most common problem found at transportation sites. Reuse options for these soils would most Ukely involve incorporation with asphalt or concrete, and the final product would be subject to leachabiUty testing to ensure it was no longer considered a hazardous material. 

Development of methods for low-cost membrane concentrate treatment, in-plant and off-site reuse, and disposal. 

Recycling and Reuse. (/) Install closed-loop systems. 2) Recycle on site for reuse. 3) Recycle off site for reuse. (4) Exchange wastes. 

The bracket construc tion permits support of the exchanger without fixing the supports to the shell. This provides for thermal movement of the shells within the brackets and prevents the transfer of thermal stresses into the process piping. In special cases the brackets may be welded to the shell. However, this is usually avoided due to the resulting loss of flexibihty in field installation and equipment reuse at other sites and an increase in piping stresses. 

Recychng (or reuse) refers to the use (or reuse) of materials that would otherwise be disposed of or treated as a waste product. A good example is a rechargeable battery. Wastes that cannot be directly reused may often be recovered on-site through methods such as distillation. When on-site recoveiy or reuse is not feasible due to quality specifications or the inability to perform recoveiy on-site, off-site recoveiy at a permitted commerci recoveiy facihty is often a possibility. Such management techniqiies are considered secondaiy to source reduc tion and should only oe used when pollution cannot be prevented. 

Manual Component Separation The manual separation of solid-waste components can be accomplished at the source where solid wastes are generated, at a transfer station, at a centralized processing station, or at the disposal site. Manual sorting at the source of generation is the most positive way to achieve the recoveiy and reuse of materials. The number and types of components salvaged or sorted (e.g., cardboard and high-quality paper, metals, and wood) depend on the location, the opportunities for recycling, and the resale market. There has been an evolution in the solid waste indus-tiy to combine manual and automatic separation techniques to reduce overall costs and produce a cleaner product, especially for recyclable materials. 

An electrostatic precipitator is used to remove more tar from coke oven gas. The tar is then sent to storage. Ammonia liquor is also separated from the tar decanter and sent to wastewater treatment after ammonia recovery. Coke oven gas is further cooled in a final cooler. Naphthalene is removed in a separator on the final cooler. Light oil is then removed from the coke oven gas and is fractionated to recover benzene, toluene, and xylene. Some facilities may include an onsite tar distillation unit. The Claus process is normally used to recover sulfur from coke oven gas. During the coke quenching, handling, and screening operation, coke breeze is produced. The breeze is either reused on site (e.g., in the sinter plant) or sold offsite as a by-product. 

In this part of the form, you ara required to list all off-sIte locations to which you transfer wastes containing toxic chemicals. Do not list locations to which products containing toxic chemicals are shipped for sale or distribution in commerce or for further use. Also, do not list locations to which wastes containing chemicals are sold or sent for recovery, recycling, or reuse of the toxic chemicals. The information that you enter in this section relates to data you will report in Part III, Section 6. 

Enter in the spaces provided, the name and address of each location (other than POTWs) to which you ship or transfer wastes containing toxic chemicals. Do not include locations to which you ship the toxic chemical for recycle or reuse, tf you do not ship ortransfer wastes containing toxic chemicals to offsite locations, enter not applicable, NA in the off-site location name line of 2.1. Also enter the EPA Identification Number (RCRA I.D. Number) for each such location if known to you. This number may be found on the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest, which is required by RCRA regulations. Also indicate in the space provided whether the location is owned or controlled by yourfacility or your parent company. If thefacility does not have a RCRA 1.0. number, enter not applicable, NA, in this space. 

You must report the location of the POTW in Section 1 in Part II of Form R. Do not report any information about the on-site treatment plant in this section. You are not required to report the location of the off-site, privately owned recovery firm or provide any information concerning off-site recovery because recycling or reuse of toxic chemicals is exempt from reporting. 

You must report in this section the total annual quantity of the chemical sent to any of the off-site disposal, treatment, or storage facilities for which you have provided an address In Part II. You are not required to report quantities of the chemical sent off-site for purposes of recycle or reuse. Report the amou nt of the toxic chemical transferred off-site after any on-site treatment or removal is completed. Report zero for releases of listed acids and bases if they have been neutralized to pH 6-9 prior to discharge to a POTW. See the discussion under Section 5.3, Discharges to Receiving Streams or Water Bodies (see page 21). 

Acid used in the formation process is removed from the batteries and reused. The batteries are washed, fresh acid is added, and the batteries are tested, re-washed, and inspected before being shipped to an on-site warehouse. The intermediate and final washes generate process wastewater, as do the battery repair and housekeeping (floor washing) operations. This wastewater Is pretreated on-site and then piped to the local publicly owned treatment works (POTW). 

Transfers to Other Off-S(te Locations. Yourfacility returns the lead particulate collected by the fabric filters to the off-site smelter for recovery and reuse. You are not required to report releases of listed substances to off-site recovery facilities therefore, no information concerning the off-site smelter should be entered in Part III, Section 6 of Form R. 

In the past the presence of hazardous substances in soils was not a major public concern. In spite of the large number of documented hazardous waste sites in the United States, relatively few sites liave been cleaned up widi specific redevelopment in mind. Remedial actions usually are undertaken to contain or remove chemical contaminants little or no consideration is given to the ultimate use of the site. If land reuse is decided before the cleanup there may be an opportunity to tailor the cleanup acti ities to best suit the site rcde elopment. 

A new scheme for location management has developed whereby wastes are diverted to separate holding facilities according to the hazard imposed by the waste. Separate pits are created to hold rig washing and precipitation wastes, solid wastes and drilling fluids [225]. The waste is then reused, disposed on site, or hauled away for offsite treatment. The system reduces contamination of less hazardous materials with the more hazardous materials, thereby reducing disposal costs. 

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