Particulate lead

Virtually all of the deposited lead passes through the alveolar membrane within 2 to 3 days and is redistributed in the circulation (Fig. 7.4). The rate of 

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Particulate lead in aerosol Collected on filter with atomic absorption spectrometry... 

Particulate lead and lead Elame atomic absorption... 

Crecelius, E.A. Piper, D.Z., Particulate Lead Concentration Recorded... 

Air (particulate lead) Collection of particulate matter onto membrane filter digestion with HN03 / H202 dilution with distilled water GFAAS (Method P CAM 7105) 2.0 pg/m3 82-103 NIOSH 1990, 1994... 

Air (particulate lead) Collection of sample onto cellulose acetate filter dissolution in HN03 with heat addition of HCI / H202 and reaction in hydride generator with sodium borohydride to generate lead hydride AAS 8 ng/L 100-101 Nerin et al. 1989... 

Air (particulate lead) Collection of sample onto filter addition of206Pb to filter dissolution of filter in NaOH acidification separation of lead by electrodeposition dissolution in acid IDMS 0.1 ng/m3 No data Volkening et al. 1988... 

Determination of lead vapor in air requires prior filtering of the air to exclude particulate lead, and... 

Griffm TB, Couiston F, Wills H. 1975b. [Biological and clinical effects of continuous exposure to airborne particulate lead.] Arh Hig Toksikol 26 191-208. (Yugoslavian)... 

Griffin TB, Couiston F, Golberg L, et al. 1975a. Clinical studies on men continuously exposed to airborne particulate lead. In Griffin TB, Knelson JG, eds. Lead. Stuttgart, West Germany Georg Thieme Publisher, 221-240. 

Volkening J, Baumann H, Heumann KG. 1988. Atmospheric distribution of particulate lead over the Atlantic Ocean lfom Europe to Antarctica. Atmos Environ 22 1169-1174. 

Zelikoff JT, Parsons E, Schlesinger RB. 1993. Inhalation of particulate lead oxide disrupts pulmonary macrophage-mediated functions important for host defense and tumor surveillance in the lung. Environ Res 62 207-222. 

Crecelius, E. A., Piper, D. Z., Particulate lead contamination recorded in sedimentary cores from Lake Washington, Seattle, Environ. Sci. Techno .. 6, 274-278 (1973). 

In both component and factor analysis, the properties of the system being observed are assumed to be linearly additive functions of the contribution from each of the m causalities that actually govern the system. For example, for airborne particles, the amount of particulate lead in the air could be considered to be a sum of contributions from several sources including automobiles, incinerators and coal-fired power plants, etc. 

Where is the observed total particulate lead per unit volume,... 

More recently Cass, Boone and Macias constructed a very detailed carbon inventory for Metropolitan Los Angeles in order to estimate the amount of primary elemental and organic carbon in this urban area ( ). Over 50 source types were included in this emission Inventory. A particulate lead emission inventory was also constructed and used as a tracer for primary automotive exhaust. They compared the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon and lead from the emission estimates to that measured in the atmosphere during winter mornings. In that study the sampling time and location were chosen in order to measure... 

On the other hand, in the literature reviewed for Table 9.11, particulate lead has an MMD of only 0.55 fim. This is consistent with the major source of lead to the atmosphere in the 1970s being combustion of leaded gasoline, the remainder being due mainly to smelting processes. As a result, Pb is primarily found in the accumulation mode and has a large enrichment factor... 

Additional evidence was obtained from Auger surface analysis of the Pt-sapphire specimens. Peak-to-peak heights of the lead line at 94 eV were taken from six spots on the Pt-covered area and from six spots on the adjoining sapphire area after a 24-hr exposure to pulsator exhaust. There was, after correction of the 94-eV line for backscattered electrons, more lead on the Pt-covered area in five out of six comparisons. On the average there was a 50% higher lead content on the Pt-covered areas. At lower lead exposures the differences are difficult to discern, since the accumulation of the ubiquitous particulate lead is not expected to vary from one kind of surface to another. Such behavior is essentially in accord with the findings of Williams and Baron (95). At present, however, we still must consider the preferential association of lead with Pt or Pd only as eminently plausible but in need of further, still more direct confirmation. 

Table 3.2 shows measurements of particulate and gaseous stable iodine in the atmosphere. Moyers et al. (1971) used membrane filters and activated charcoal to collect the particulate and gaseous fractions in air at Boston, and found the ratio Ip/Ig to be correlated with the concentration of particulate lead in the air. It was not inferred that Ip was combined with particles of lead, but rather that the concentrations of lead served as an index of the total airborne particulate. Moyers et al. expressed their results as... 

Moyers, J.L., Zoller, W.H. Duce, R.A. (1971) Gaseous iodine measurements and their relationship to particulate lead in a polluted atmosphere. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 28, 95-8. 

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