Site remediation plans

ATSDR s specific responsibilities related to blood lead screening at lead-contaminated hazardous waste sites include (1) evaluation of site-specific environmental lead exposure information, (2) identification of populations potentially exposed to lead, (3) decision about whether or not to conduct blood lead screening, (4) evaluation of blood lead screening results, and (5) determination of whether the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA) proposed site remediation plans are sufficient to protect public health. 

Data derived from pilot-scale testing can be scaled-up for design of the full-scale site remediation plan or used as input to computer models for further evaluation of design options. 

Case 4 Environmental Remediation Planned at an NPL-Listed Site... 

As piirt of each haz, irdous waste remedial action, the contamination at the site must be assessed. The options for remedial action to remo c or otherwise deal with hazardous materials will depend on the nature of the coutamiiuition lliat will be allowed to remain on site tifter cletmup. Thus there must be plans for site remediation to cover any accidental or emergency discharges to land or soils that might develop. 

Scoping is the initial planning phase of site remediation and is a part of the funding allocation and planning process.12 Scoping of the RI/FS comprises the following steps ... 

The proper authorities will require a remediation plan in the case of severely contaminated sites, which must be carried out by an expert relevant to Article 18, upon demand of the authority. The authority may alter the remediation (Article 13), or the authority may carry out the... 

Foams are currently used by the oil industry to improve crude oil recovery, resulting in 20 to 50% higher recovery rates for oil in some applications. A field demonstration to investigate the use of foam for site remediation was planned for 1996by the U.S. Department of Energy. 

Systematic project planning This element ensures that the level of detail required for project planning matches the use of the data being collected, which in turn is determined by the intended end use of the site. Such an approach differs from typical site assessment planning, which often approaches all sites as if they are similar, with standardized sampling strategies (e.g., two soil samples per square meter ), analytical requirements ( test all samples for 36 common contaminants ), and assumed end uses ( all soils will be remediated to residential standards ). 

In order to properly characterize the brownfield site, before choosing the specific remediation approach, an Expert Committee was nominated by the Government to coordinate and check the remediation activities. This Committee planned the following activities two monitoring phases, which included waste and soil sampling, groundwater sampling, chemical analyses, map compilation for the pollutant elements, data elaboration and interpretation, asbestos characterization and remediation, and a preliminary operative remediation plan. 

NPC Services (1995) Remedial planning activities (RPA) for the PPI site, vol II. Baton Rouge, LA... 

Assessment of the investigator site prior to the start of the trial, including investigator-supphed software-based systems considering such issues as validation activities (plarmed and completed), level of understanding of GCP requirements for use of computerized systems, statement of level of comphance with 21 CFR Part 11, the presence of remediation plans if required, and cahbration and maintenance procedures... 

New awareness of the potential danger to water supplies posed by the use of agricultural chemicals and urban industrial development has also focused attention on the nature of rainfall-runoff and recharge processes and the mobility of various solutes, especially nitrate and pesticides, in shallow systems. Dumping and spills of other potentially toxic materials are also of concern because these chemicals may evenmally reach streams and other public water supplies. A better understanding of hydrologic flow paths and solute sources is required to determine the potential impact of contaminants on water supplies, develop management practices to preserve water quality, and devise remediation plans for sites that are already polluted. 

In The Netherlands, the policy for the protection of soils and sediments has a history of about 20 years. In the 1980s, the first cases of soil contamination in inhabited areas were discovered and the first remediation plans were put into action. Since then, a vast number of contaminated sites have been discovered. The latest estimates indicate that there are 175 000 seriously contaminated sites (RIVM, 1999). 

An industrial site contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD) presents a set of complex problems to those charged with the assessment of site contamination and the development of a remediation plan. In the suiTe of PCDD compounds, TCDD is of particular concern. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has designated TCDD as a potent animal carcinogen and very acutely toxic(l). 

Since there are no national standards for decontamination, each site requires a specific exposure assessment to determine the appropriate "safe level" of PCDD contamination. The exposure assessment is normally developed as part of the remediation plan and is submitted with the closure sampling plan to the cognizant regulatory agency before beginning work. 

Preparation and implementation of plans and specifications for applying site remedies. The bnlk of the cleannp usnally occurs during this phase. All new fund-financed remedies are reviewed by the National Priorities Panel. 

Health and safety plans for site remediation activities should address chemicals of concern and should include monitoring practices to ensure that worker health and safety are maintained. State OSHA requirements, which may be significantly stricter than federal standards, also must be met. These standards for workplace safety have been developed and are enforced throughout the USA. 

As soon as it has been decided to remediate a site, a remediation plan has to be drawn up. The first step is to work out possible remediation options in relation to the basic assumptions. This phase is called the remediation investigation. When assessing the remediation options, it is necessary to consider the technical as well as the environmental and financial aspects. Sometimes, ER is not the sole remediation option in certain cases, it should be combined with other methods in order to maximize the remediation efficiency. 

Rarely com- Careful siting Remedial Careful planning CareU srtiig Masitenance CareU sHiig UsusByiswof... 

Preparation of a Site Safely Plan, Field Standard Operating Procedures (F.S.O.P.) 9 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Hazardous Response Support Division, April 1985. 

Furthermore, there has been no designated disposal site for the burial of high activity radioactive wastes. For those areas, cleanup would be unlikely without such a designated disposal site. Remediation of inadequate RWBS, as well as their use for collection areas for other radioactive waste, has led to problems with defueling the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. No plans have been established to bring the RWBS to environmentally sound conditions, in lieu of radioactive protection norms and governmental coordination. At present no migration of radionuclides from these RWBS has been detected. 

Estimated Cost for Closure—This section estimates the cost for N Reactor deactivation, RCRA facility closures, RCRA past-practice (RPP) site remediation, and D D. The level of confidence behind these cost estimates is commensurate with engineering and planning currently available. Cost estimates for near-term activities are based on more detailed planning than outyear activities, such as site remediation after 2005 and D D by 2016. 

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