Soil remediation technologies

Soil remediation technologies can be classified according to the type of treatment processes taking place5-7 ... 

Our results demonstrated that RAMEB strongly interacts with soils, modifying their surface, pore, and aggregate properties. These effects can affect soil remediation technologies... 

Organic contaminants have been known to be present in many hazardous waste sites (USEPA, 1991 DOE, 1995 Kelsh and Parsons, 1997). Economical restoration of these contaminated sites to environmentally acceptable conditions is an important challenge facing the scientific and technical community. Current in situ soil remediation technologies depend on hydraulic and air flow for effective remediation of soils and are not as... 

Diez Lazaro, J., Kidd, P. S., and Monterroso Martinez, C. (2006). A phytogeochemical study of the Tra s-os-Montes region (NE Portugal) Possible species for plant-based soil remediation technologies. Sci. Total Environ. 354, 265—277. 

There are several examples of soil remediation technologies which have been applied to real situations, some of which are discussed below. 

Ho SV, Sheridan PW, Athmer CJ, Heitkamp MA, Brackin JM, Weber D, Brodsky PH. (1995). Integrated in situ soil remediation technology The Lasagna process. Environmental Science Technology 29 2528-2534. 

A large full-scale field application of electrobioremediation represents the so-called Lasagna technology. Tliis in situ soil remediation technology was developed... 

Electroreclamation (ER) is a soil remediation technology that uses electrokinetic effects to remove inorganic contamination. It can, for example, be used to remove heavy metals, all types of cyanides, arsenic, and other ionic or polar compounds. The basic principle involves applying a difference in potential, thus causing charged particles to migrate to the cathode or the anode. A special electrolyte system is used to both condition physical parameters around the electrodes and in the soil, and to remove the contaminants that have collected around the electrodes. 

Applying this soil remediation technology requires special expertise this chapter describes the technology and its applications, indicating the materials and decontamination methods that can be used and how the system should be initiated and controlled. It also specifies the samples that need to be taken in order to monitor the decontamination process. Before remediation can commence, however, it is first necessary to clarify where contamination is present in the area of soil concerned and in what form. It is furthermore necessary to perform electrokinetic laboratory tests with one or preferably more representative soil samples. Finally, it is explained how the data are analyzed and used for carrying out the design of the remediation system. 

In the early years of ground water and soil remediation, pump and treat was the conventional technology. Contaminated ground water is pumped to the surface where it is treated and reinjected or discharged to surface waters or wastewater treatment plants. Reinjection maybe used to stimulate in situ... 

Ho SV et al. (1999) The lasagna technology for in situ soil remediation. 2. Large field test. Environ Sci Technol 33 1092-1099. 

Ram NM, DH Bass, R Ealotico, M Leahy (1993) A decision framework for selecting remediation technologies at hydocarbon-contaminated sites. J Soil Contam 2 167-189. 

Another classification of remediation technologies describes where the action is taking place. Ex situ methods are those applied to excavated soil and in situ processes are those applied to the soil in its original location. On-site techniques are those that take place on the contaminated site they can be either ex situ or in situ. Off-site processes treat the excavated soil in fixed industrial facilities, away from the contaminated site. 

Vogel, K. D. and Peramaki, M. P., 1996, Innovative Remediation Technologies Applicable to Soil and Groundwater Impacted by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Environmental Geosciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 98-106. 

Wilson, D. J. and Clarke, A. N. (editors), 1994, Hazardous Waste Soil Remediation Theory and Application of Innovative Technologies. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 367 pp. 

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