Site cleanup

Hatch, J. and E. Hayes. "State-of-the-Art Remedial Action Technologies Used for the Sydney Mine Waste Disposal Site Cleanups," In Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Proceedings, Washington, D.C., 1985, pp. 285. 

U.S. EPA, Brownfields Technology Primer Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup, EPA 542-R-01-006, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation Office, Washington, 2001. 

The bioreactor landfill is a remedial alternative that can be applied either on site or off site. However, landfilling is regarded as the least attractive alternative at a site cleanup action. Landfilling of hazardous materials is becoming increasingly difficult and more expensive due to steadily growing regulatory control.92-93... 

Time and effort must be spent in preparing a site for the cleanup activity to ensure that response operations go smoothly and that worker safety is protected. Site preparation can be as hazardous as site cleanup. Therefore, safety measures should be afforded the same level of care at this stage as during actual cleanup. Table 16.11 presents the major steps in site preparation prior to any cleanup activities. 

U.S. EPA, Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup Annual Status Report, 11th ed., Technical Report EPA-542-R-03-009, U.S. EPA, Washington, 2004. 

U.S. EPA defines MNA as the reliance on natural processes, within the context of a carefully controlled and monitored site cleanup approach, to achieve site-specific remediation objectives within a time frame that is reasonable compared to that offered by other more active methods. The natural processes include biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, sorption, volatilization, stabilization, and transformation. These processes reduce site risk by transforming contaminants to less toxic forms, reducing contaminant concentrations, and reducing contaminant mobility and bioavailability. Other terms for natural attenuation in the literature include intrinsic remediation, intrinsic bio-remediation, passive bioremediation natural recovery, and natural assimilation. 30... 

Frequently, the existence and source of such information is nnknown thns the data are not examined. Even when the existence and sonrces of information are known, decisions must be made in order to make an informed, and often quick decision on the next steps, even if later, one decides not to nse it for a particular application. Knowing about the relevant data gives investigators and analysts the ability to assess the data based on qnality assnrance criteria. This is especially true for users near the end of long decision processes, such as site cleanup, ecological risk assessments, and natural resource damage assessments. 

Site cleanup is very expensive. One of the reasons why phytoremediation is of extreme interest is the cost factor and the apparent benefits. If phytoremediation cannot be accomplished on certain sites, the alternative solutions can be quite expensive. The development of phytoremediation technology is being encouraged because of the economic and environmental benefits. 

Interactions between plants and microorganisms in remediation must be studied further and with greater attention, because in many contaminated sites they both can be beneficial if applied simultaneously, and synergy may enhance the individual site cleanup and reduce costs.. This holistic approach considers interactions in the environment, not only between organisms, but also between contaminants, and between biotic and abiotic factors. 

Taking photographs as soon as possible after the occurrence helps to document the original condition of the equipment and site right after the incident, before post-event response activities such as site cleanup and demolition activities are performed. 

E rovides for complete site cleanup by addressing less volatile contaminants as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs)... 

TABLE 1 Fully Burdened Daily Costs for On-site Cleanup at the Summit Equipment and Supply Company... 

Bio-Raptor technology uses a combination of ex situ microbial and mechanical processes to treat soils and sludges that are contaminated with hydrocarbons. The Bio-Raptor unit shreds and screens the excavated soil to increase its surface area. Then, the unit sprays and inoculates the soil with a proprietary blend of microorganisms. The soil is heaped into biopiles while the microbes degrade the contaminants. Bio-Raptor systems are commercially available and have been used for full-scale site cleanups. 

Ceramic Bonding has embarked on a program to develop versatile equipment to aid metal fabricators in their efforts to eliminate hazardous waste generation. Because of the applicability of the CBI process to a variety of hazardous, heavy metal wastes, the CBI equipment is also a natural solution for site cleanup and municipal hazardous waste conversion. With this innovative technology, continued release of fugitive heavy metals into the environment can be halted. 

EPA (1994b). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 40 CFR Part 196— Environmental Protection Agency radiation site cleanup regulation, unpublished draft Federal Register notice (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington). 

For site cleanup verification after the removal of PCB contamination, the TSCA provides specific requirements on the size and the orientation of the grid and the depth at which samples are to be collected. Figure 3.6 shows the grid used for multiple source PCB cleanup verification according to these requirements. 

Prioritization of chemicals Prioritization of site cleanup or prevention... 

However, the effectiveness of state government to compel or encourage private party cleanup of old problem sites appears to have diminished at the same time public attention has been drawn to these problem sites — perhaps even because of that attention. An additional factor which may be responsible for slowdown in the rate of site cleanups seems to be the passage and subsequent slow rate of implementation of Superfund. 

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