Single circuit

This scheme has all circuit breakers linked in a closed loop, with connections entering at the junction between breakers. This way, any connection may be isolated or any single circuit breaker removed without interrupting the other connections. This provides a higher level of redundancy than the systems mentioned above. Control and protective relaying issues are somewhat more complicated for this arrangement. 

Single circuit systems can also be used with two different cooling media, water for the range between, say 20 °C and 100 °C and brine for lower temperatures. In such cases, the valve system becomes more complex (Figure 9.6). Care must be taken to avoid brine loss to the water system, and to totally purge the water before... 

Table 9.2 Valve switching for a single circuit heating cooling system.

Figure 9.5 Heating cooling system with single circuit. The valves are as flows (1) steam inlet, (2) cooling water outlet, (3) purge, (4) cold water inlet, (5) condensate outlet.

A more flexible arrangement is to use a single circuit with pressurized water and steam injection into this circulation (Figure 9.7). Such a system can achieve temperatures up to 200 °C with 16 bar of steam. When cooling is required, the steam injection is shut off and cold water injected into the circuit. An expansion vessel separates steam from water and maintains a constant water level in the... 

Figu re 9.6 Single-circuit heating cooling system with steam, water, and brine. 

The main advantage of DSG is its improved efficiency in comparison with the SEGS design. This is because the two-circuit system (hot oil collection and water/steam Rankine power circuit) of the SEGS design is replaced by a single circuit in which the collector circuit is directly coupled to the... 

The problem of these high development costs was foreseen by the American computer giants IBM when, in 1971, they filed a patent application for a recon-figurable circuit — in other words, a single circuit which could be programmed to perform many different functions to suit different applications, avoiding the cost of... 

Deviating from the method described above these are cases with several associated apparatus interconnected in one single circuit. It may then happen that two or more apparatus are active in the sense of intrinsic safety. This indicates that more than one individual apparatus may feed power into the intrinsically safe circuit. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard E422 provides details for the construction of a single circuit, water-cooled calorimeter probe to measure heat flux [27]. Anderson and Stresino [28], Reed [29], and Fay [30] studied flames impinging on a so-called surface probe. In those studies, two identical, water-cooled copper plates were connected in series and separated by a thermal barrier. A single water-cooling circuit passed across both sections. The flame was traversed from the first to the second section. The water temperature rise through each plate was measured as a function of distance from the flame centerline. The data was inverted to determine the spatial heat flux distribution. See Reed... 

Single-circuit pattern Filament path makes a complete traverse of the chamber/mandrel, after which the following traverse lies immediately adjacent to the previous one. 

The problem was finally solved by the fitting of sleeves which spanned the original welds, as shown in Figure 1.4. In all 3000 sleeves were fitted over a 14-month period. The work was completed early in 1984. While sleeving was underway the station operated on a single circuit. Following sleeving no further problems were experienced with the evaporators. 

Microminiaturization made it possible to employ millions of transistors in a single circuit. The reduction in size of transistors has dramatically lowered the cost of production and increased the speed of running electronic circuits. The first integrated circuit (IC) was 64 kilo-bits random access memory (RAM) by lithography technology in 1960. Since 1960, the growth in the number of components per chips has increased by 10. ... 

The heat transport system consists of a single circuit or loop providing coolant to all of the 232 fuel channels. 

Number of circuits type of Single-circuit scheme typical of BWR no reheating of steam ... 

Phase The number of circuits over which electric power is supplied. In a single-phase motor, power is supplied in a single circuit or winding. In a three-phase system, power is provided over three circuits, each circuit reaching corresponding cyclic values at 120° intervals. AC motors are typically qualified as single-phase or polyphase. 

As previously noted, the processing unit lies at the heart of the control system, processing the signals received from the input devices and providing actuating signals to the output devices. In its very simplest form, it may be a single circuit, as shown in Fig. 13.20, that directly connects an input device, a switch, to an output device, a contactor coil, whose contacts switch a motor... 

Number of circuits, thermal cycle type Single circuit scheme with saturated steam at the reactor outlet... 

Maximum simplicity of the plant design based on a single circuit scheme of the power unit to reduce construction and operating costs in this, an additional barrier to radioactive substance propagation is provided by application of a special scheme for the separation of phases inside the reactor ... 

There are three main types of ventilator circuits used for HMV Single circuits with a leak, single circuits with a valve, and double circuits with a valve. When used with NIV, it is important that the appropriate mask be used. Table 5 summarizes the important points associated with each type of circuit. Circuits with a leak are used for bi-level devices. The intentional leak and CO2 washout for a given pressure vary significantly depending on the manufacturer and the type of mask. There are many choices of masks for the leak circuit as these masks are also used for CPAP. We have already reviewed the issue of CO2 washout and concluded that this is not a major concern when using a nasal mask (20). The only type of mask where this might be of clinical concern is with a full-face mask. A fiill-face mask is... 

There are two important features to this synthesis method. First, the circuit is composed piecemeal using relatively simple algorithms and then combined into a single circuit that properly orchestrates the interactions among the parts. Second, the fastest possible circuit is synthesized rather than the smallest, that is, signal transitions occur as fast as the timing constraints and the response of the environment will permit. Since interface adapters usually occur at the interface between modules it is expected that they will not be heavily replicated and their size will be amortized over the size of the entire design. 

In Table 1.6, the first kind of distribution corresponds to the so-called zero-sequence mode and is mode 0 in the same polarity case and mode 3 in the opposite polarity case. If the line is single circuit, there is no opposite polarity mode, and the first kind of distribution is the same as mode 0 distribution, which was explained in Section I.4.4.I. Mode 0 is often called the first zero-sequence mode (earth-return mode), and mode 3 is called the second zero-sequence mode (intercircuit zero-sequence mode). 

---