Single electron circuits

It is almost two decades ago that the fabrication techniques to produce traditional single-electron circuits (e.g., transistors) were developed [29, 30], and these represented the first steps towards a new device concept. Respective techniques are based on... 

The greatest potential appHcation for single-electron devices Hes in digital circuits. However, a number of other appHcations exist, including current standards and ultrasensitive electrometers (70,71). SETs are not unique to compound semiconductors, and in fact a great deal of work has been carried out in other material systems, including Al—AlO —A1 tunnel junctions. A review of single-electron phenomena is available (72). 

The next step is to estimate how long a molecule can stay in its vibrational excited state during a single electric pulse. A conventional electronic circuit carmot generate a short pulse like 10 ps, so that the use of electric pulses longer than 100 ps is more... 

Keywords Intramolecular kirchhoff laws Molecular electronics Molecular logic gates Single molecule electronic circuits Quantum hamiltonian computing... 

FIGURE 9.5 Top view of 3-a-Si H TFTs 200 dpi AM-PLED back plane. Inset shows single pixel circuit and the top-view and cross-section schematics. (From Kim, J.H., Hong, Y., and Kanicki, J., IEEE Electron Device Lett., 24, 451, 2003. With permission.)... 

Hirata M, Gotou T, Ohba M. Thin-fiim particles of graphite oxide 1 Preliminary studies for internal micro fabrication of single particle and carbonaceous electronic circuits, Carbon 2005, 43,503-510. 

At the equilibrium potential, both anodic and cathodic processes of a single electron transfer reaction take place at the same exchange rate (exchange current density) and no net current is observed through the external circuit. The exchange rate reflects the kinetics of the overall reaction and, in many cases, the electrocatalytic properties of the electrode surface. The open circuit potential, in this case, is the equilibrium potential and is therefore a thermodynamic quantity independent of kinetic factors and is related to the activities in solution through the Nemst law. 

Photovoltaic devices made of selenium have been known since the 19th Century. Pioneering research in semiconductors, which led to the invention of the transistor in 1947, formed the basis of the modem theory of photovoltaic performance. From this research, die silicon solar cell was the first known photovoltaic device that could convert a sufficient amount of the sun s energy to power complex electronic circuits. The conventional silicon cell is a solid-state device in which a junction is formed between single crystals of silicon separately doped with impurity atoms in order to create n (negative) regions and p (positive) regions which respectively are receptors to electrons and to holes (absence of electrons). See also Semiconductors. The first solar cell to be demonstrated occurred at Bell Laboratories (now AT T Bell Laboratories) in Murray Hill, New Jersey in 1954. 

---