First zero-sequence mode

In Table 1.6, the first kind of distribution corresponds to the so-called zero-sequence mode and is mode 0 in the same polarity case and mode 3 in the opposite polarity case. If the line is single circuit, there is no opposite polarity mode, and the first kind of distribution is the same as mode 0 distribution, which was explained in Section I.4.4.I. Mode 0 is often called the first zero-sequence mode (earth-return mode), and mode 3 is called the second zero-sequence mode (intercircuit zero-sequence mode). 

Fig. 27. Thermally balanced PP and NP sequences. (PP) In the balanced PP sequence, the sample is first kept at the relaxation field By for a time — t and, then pre-polarized at the polarization field Bp for a time Tp, and finally allowed to relax for time T before the start of the detection period. The time Tp should be set to about 4Ti(Bp). As T varies during a multi-block sequence, the polarization interval position moves horizontally but the total block duration and the mean power dissipation remain constant. (NP) The balanced non-polarized sequence is conceptually similar, except for the fact that the polarization interval is replaced by a magnetization annihilation interval in which the field is zero and whose duration should be about 47 (0). In both cases, the time should be about or more than 4Ti(Br). The concept can be combined with any detection mode, not just the simple FID detection shown here.

SMRT sequencer is a variation on SBS using a sequencing chip containing thousands of zero-mode waveguide (ZMW) detectors each with a single DNA polymerase attached at the bottom of its detection zone. First, fluorescent markers specific to each type of dNTP are attached to terminal phosphates. Next the sequencing reaction is initiated, and each labeled dNTP to be incorporated diffuses into the vicinity of the DNA polymerase within the... 

There are some special cases in FFF related to the two extreme limits of the cross-field driving forces. In the first case, the cross-field force is zero, and no transverse solute migration is caused by outer fields. However, because of the shear forces, transverse movements may occur even under conditions of laminar flow. This phenomenon is called the tubular pinch effect . In this case, these shear forces lead to axial separation of various solutes. Small [63] made use of this phenomenon and named it hydrodynamic chromatography (HC). If thin capillaries are used for flow transport, this technique is also called capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF). A simple interpretation of the ability to separate is that the centers of the solute particles cannot approach the channel walls closer than their lateral dimensions. This means that just by their size larger particles are located in streamlines of higher flow velocities than smaller ones and are eluted first (opposite to the solution sequence in the classical FFF mode). For details on hydrodynamic chromatography,see [64-66]. 

In the general approach, the loads are applied incrementally until first-ply failure occurs. The type of failure, matrix or fiber, determines which properties of the failed plies must change to reflect the damage created. This is subjective and can cover a range of possibilities. The most conservative approach would completely discard affected properties for the failed plies. So for fiber failure, E would be set to zero. For matrix failure, E22 and G12 would be set to zero. Then, the loads would be incremented until another ply fails, and the procedure would be repeated to complete failure of the laminate. Less conservative approaches attempt to only partially discount stiffness values of the failed ply and even differentiate between tension and compression moduli. These methods can be reasonably accurate if they are accompanied by selected tests that help better define adjustment factors for the stiffness properties of failed plies. However, they are limited in applicability and accuracy because they are affected by the first-ply failure criterion used to trigger the failure sequence and because they do not correctly capture damage modes such as delamination and the interaction between them such as matrix cracks causing delaminations in adjacent ply interfaces. 

If the baseline shift or the change of sensitivity detected by two consecutive zero/standard samples caimot be neglected, several compensation methods may be applied. Figure 10-27 shows a record of ten CFA samples in steady-state mode preceded and followed by zero/ standard sequences. Both, baseline and sensitivity, differ considerably between the first and the final zero/standard sequence. 

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