Silver zinc, primary

Electronic Time Fuze. Development of an electronic time fuze which would be substantially more accurate than exisitng time fuzes is described in the report of Texas Instruments, Inc (Ref). A programmable digital circuit is driven by. an oscillator based on a Picatinny Arsenal design. As power source, two types of battery, a silver-zinc primary battery and a reserve battery which uses ammonia as the electrolyte, were tried. A detailed manufacturing plan is included as an appendix... 

Silver-zinc primary batteries can be remotely activated for single use within seconds or fractions of a second, even after long-term storage, by inserting the... 

Silver-zinc primary batteries can be remotely activated for single use within seconds or fractions of a second ever, after long-tenn storage, by inserting the electrolyte under pressure. In addition to a unit containing dry charged plates they also contain an electrolyte vessel from which the cells are filled by electrical or mechanical means. Pile batteries are a new development of remotely activated primary batteries, which consist of bipolar electrodes that confer a very high density on the battery. Such batteries are available from Silberkraft (Table 52.13) and are recommended... 

The first practical silver—zinc battery was developed more then 60 years ago. Since then, primary and secondary silver—zinc batteries have attracted a variety of applications due to their high specific energy, proven reliability and safety, and the highest power output per unit weight and volume of all commercially available batteries. However, they find very limited use in commercial applications, because of their high price and limited cycle life. Development of a battery separator which will improve the performance and life of zinc based alkaline cells has been... 

For battery separators, regenerated cellulose is placed on the surface of nonwoven so that the nonwoven is available to promote the wicking of the electrolyte. The nonwovens should not allow the penetration of viscose into itself. Suitable nonwovens are made from polypropylene, poly(vinyl alcohol), and hardwood hemps. Regenerated cellulose films are commonly used in alkaline manganese cells, both primary and secondary, in NiCd industrial batteries, as well as in silver—zinc batteries. 

The research journals are the primary place where research results are first published. The prices of compounds change rapidly, and are to be found in journals instead of books. The New York Times finance page lists a number of commonly traded metals (aluminum, antimony, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, platinum, silver, zinc), food (corn, soya, wheat, rice, sugar), fuels (fuel oil, gasoline, natural gas), and textile (cotton, wool). The Chemical Market Report is a weekly journal that lists the prices of many chemical substances in a supplement, which depend strongly on purity and intended use. 

Primary batteries. Silver compounds such as AgO are used as cathode materials for making high-capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium primary batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. 

Over the years, many of Yardney s battery systems became an integral part of the nation s most advanced spacecraft systems. Some of these products enabled significant technical milestones such as primary power for the astronauts life support system (Extravehicular Mobility Unit or EMU) that used Yardney s 25 Ah silver zinc battery. 

Currently, Yardney is in continuous production of secondary lithium-ion batteries, primary and secondary silver-zinc batteries and primary reserve silver-zinc batteries used on various Department of Defense applications. The primary battery applications include the Navy s Trident IID5 Fleet Ballistic Missile program, the Minuteman III ICBM, and primary power for the MK 21 re-entry vehicle. In 2012, the Trident II missile has achieved 143 successful test launches since 1989—a record unmatched by any other large ballistic missile or space launch vehicle. The most prominent Li-ion batteries made by Yardney have powered the Mars Explorer Rover missions (Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity), the USAF B-2 Bomber and Global Hawk aircraft, and the US Navy Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS). One of the future applications for Yardney s Li-ion batteries is NASA s Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). 

TABLE 12.1 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Zinc/Silver Oxide Primary Batteries ... 

E. A. Megahed and D. C. Davig, Long life Divalent Silver Oxide-Zinc Primary Cells for Electronic Applications, Power Sources, Vol. 8, Academic, London, 1981. 

FIGURE 18.2 Zinc/silver oxide primary reserve battery designed for automatic activation. (Courtesy of Eagle-Picher Industries.)... 

FIGURE 18.9 Effects of temperature on high-rate zinc/silver oxide primary batteries discharged at the 1-h rate. (Courtesy Eagle-Picher Industries.)... 

FIGURE 18.12 Service life of zinc/silver oxide primary batteries. (Courtesy of... 

The cost of high-performance primary zinc/silver oxide batteries is dependent on the specifications to which they are built and the quantity involved. Manual-type batteries may cost anywhere from 5 to 15 per Watthour remote-activated types will cost about 15 to 20 per Watthour. When the price of silver is high, material cost becomes one of the chief disadvantages of these batteries. There are many applications, however, in which no other technology can meet the high energy density of the zinc/silver oxide primary system. 

As with the primary battery systems, significant performance improvements have been made with the older secondary battery systems, and a number of newer types, such as the silver-zinc, the nickel-zinc, nickel-hydrogen, and lithium ion batteries, and the high-temperature system, have been introduced into commercial use or are under advanced development. Much of the development work on new systems has been supported by the need for high-performance batteries for portable consumer electronic applications and electric vehicles. Figure 22.1 illustrates the advances achieved in and the projections of the performance of rechargeable batteries for portable applications. 

Nickel-iron (conven- tional) Nickel-zinc Zinc/silver oxide (silver-zinc) Cadmium / silver oxide (silver-cadmium) Nickel- hydrogen Nickel- metal hydride Rechargeable primary types, Zn/Mn02 lithium ion systems ... 

The first recorded use of a silver battery was by Volta with his now historic silver-zinc pile battery, which he introduced to the world in 1800. This battery dominated the scene in the early nineteenth century, and during the next 100 years many experiments were made with cells containing silver and zinc electrodes. All these cells, however, were of the primary (nonrechargeable) type. 

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