Electrolytic vessels

Interelectrode Gap The relative electrolyte volume available per unit surface area of the electrodes is determined by the distance (gap) between the electrodes. This distance is between fractions of a millimeter and some 10 cm. The ohmic losses in the electrolyte increase with the distance between the electrodes. On the other hand, when the electrolyte volume is too small, the reactant concentrations will change rapidly. Often, the electrolyte volume in a reactor is increased by providing space for the electrolyte not only between the electrodes but also above or below the block of electrodes. Sometimes the electrolyte is pumped around in an external circuit, including an additional electrolyte vessel. 

Electrolytic vessels for unipolar electrodes have usually rectangular or square cross sections. These electrolyzers oan be either closed or open. This depends on whether gaseous products are to be collected or not. 

The Kellner electrolyzer with platinum electrodes arranged horizontally is one of the most efficient cells. The electrolytic vessel has a cascade-like bottom which... 

Figure 1 Schematic representation of isoelectric focusing in coated capillaries. Both patterns obtained in the focusing and mobilization steps are characteristic of the sample. Mobilization of the focused zones may occur at the anodic or the cathodic end by introducing an appropriate ion in the electrolyte vessel. The order of the appearance of the components in the detector window is opposite in the two steps.

Fig. 26. Apparatus for isoelectric focusing in a thermal pH gradient. T, high-temperature thermostat Ts, low-temperature cryostat isolated with polystyrene (PS) P, plexiglass block G, gel Ei and E2, electrolyte vessels U, tube adaptor SM, stirring magnet H, helix PP, double peristaltic pump.

Fig. 27. Apparatus for electrophoresis at subzero temperatures. Tj, low-temperature thermostat G, electrophoresis gel (4 tubes) E( and Ej, electrolyte vessels.

Figure 4.85 Basic components of a CE system (1) fused-silica capillary (2) electrolyte vessels with electrodes (3) syringe-to-capillary adaptor (replaced in commercial instruments by pressure or vacuum-driven rinse) (4) sample vial raised to a level necessary for sample introduction by hydrostatic pressure (5) regulated high-voltage power supply (6) detector (7) data acquisition device.

In the second part, the electrolyte vessel N consists of a glass tube fused to a narrow bent capillary tube and a solid rod base n is sealed on to the narrow tube. 

It is sufficient to provide one cylinder jacket for each polaro-graph, and a dozen or more electrolyte vessels should be available. 

Column with stopcock (2) electrolytic vessel (3) calibrated receiver (4), (5) dropping mercury cathode with capillary (6) mercury anode (7) accumulator battery (8) potentiometer (9) galvanometer according to W. Kemul. ... 

Silver-zinc primary batteries can be remotely activated for single use within seconds or fractions of a second ever, after long-tenn storage, by inserting the electrolyte under pressure. In addition to a unit containing dry charged plates they also contain an electrolyte vessel from which the cells are filled by electrical or mechanical means. Pile batteries are a new development of remotely activated primary batteries, which consist of bipolar electrodes that confer a very high density on the battery. Such batteries are available from Silberkraft (Table 52.13) and are recommended... 

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