SICAM

Fig. 11.7 Effect of HU on ml-CAM-1 expression in the TrHBMEC (a) and EA-hy 926 (b). These cells were incubated with HU 250 pM for 48 h with or without 100 U mb of TNFaand IFNy. mlCAM-1 cellular expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results are the Mean Fluorescent Index (MFI) of one representative experiment, with overall trend in three other independent experiments being comparable. Parallel estimation of slCAM-1 release in the culture supernatant of TrHBMEC cells (6 independent experiments) revealed that without cytokines sICAM-1 was not detectable in the supernatant for the basal conditions. The results of HU-treated cells (c) in the presence of cytokines showed a significant increase in release of slCAM-1 (p <0.05).

SCA may be envisaged based on biological parameters such as ET-1 and sICAM-1, which are the presently known inter- and intra-individual endothelial cell-related variables in SCA. Ongoing research will hopefully decipher the transcriptional signature of HU in endothelial cells and lead to other treatment options for this simple monogenic yet a complex disorder. 

Possibly, the determination of sICAM-1, allows the differentiation between these two causes. 

The intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is an important protein of endothelial cells. Its expression is induced by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-I, TNF-a, and INF-y during the early phase of the inflammatory process. Under these conditions, its soluble form, sICAM-1, is released intrathecally at a high rate, probably originating from the endothelial cells of the inflamed tissue (i.e., the meninges and adjacent brain parenchymal tissue). 

During inflammation, permeability increases in the blood-CSF barrier, elevating levels of sICAM in the CSF. Thus, in settings of acute meningitis, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barre polyradiculoneuritis, CSF concentrations of 44 /rg L 4.5 ixg L and 16.2 /rg L respectively, were measured (R8). A precise, quantitative differentiation between the serum portion and the intrathecal fraction, comparable to the immunoglobulins, is still not possible therefore, the ICAM index represents the best approximation ... 

S.2.2.9. Markers of immune activation and process. Acting with TNF-a-mRNA, sICAM-1, IL-lO-mRNA, and sTNF-R, these proteins and nucleic acids can be used as markers of the immunologically mediated inflammatory process seen in multiple sclerosis (M4). This disorder is associated with deregulation of cytokine expression, especially in regard to TNF-a. 

ICAM-1 An adhesion protein of the capillary endothelium. Its synthesis is increased following stimulation by TNF-a. It is related in the blood and CSF as soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1). The brain capillaries are rich in ICAM-1, and even a single lesion visible by magnetic resonance imaging results in elevated serum concentrations. 

For the present open observation on sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), nonspecific inflammatory markers were chosen, which are supposed to be involved in the allergic cascade and which can be measured by common ELISA techniques soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), sE-selectin, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and specific IgG4. Earlier investigations in this field were mostly performed on a smaller number of patients and the results are sometimes contradicting. 

Plasma was separated from heparinized blood samples, ahquoted and stored at — 80°C. All samples were then analyzed simultaneously with identical hatches of antibodies and other reagents. ELISAs for the detection of sICAM-1, sE-selectin and IL-12 were performed with ELI-Pairs (Diaclone, France distributed by Holzel, Germany). 96-well Maxisorp plates (Nunc) were coated overnight with capture antibodies at 4°C. After 1 h sample incubation, detection was performed with biotinylated anti-ICAM-1, anti-sE-selectin or anti IL-12 detection antibodies followed by streptavidin-horse raddish peroxidase and a TMB color reaction. Light absorption was detected with a Spectra ELISA reader at 450 nm. 

Median plasma levels of sICAM-1 were significantly higher before starting SLIT (805.0ng/ml) compared with levels during therapy (1 year 723.3 ng/ml,... 

It is not clear yet whether any of the investigated parameters can be used for new diagnostic aspects of individual patients, but it can, at least, be used for observation and follow-up investigations of groups of patients. The analysis of plasma level progression, especially of sICAM-1, sIL-2R and sE-selectin, provides an additional aspect in the evaluation of allergy therapies and their functional mechanisms. 

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants, whereas influenza A infection usually manifests as an upper respiratory tract infection. The immunological responses of infants to RSV infection and influenza A infection are different. In our studies of the cytokine responses during these infections, we found that the serum concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, RANTES, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in infants with RSV infection were significantly higher than those with influenza A infection (S8). The concentration of TNF-a in nasopharyngeal aspirates was significantly lower in infants with RSV infection. Therefore, a predominant T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokine and related immunological response was observed in infants with RSV infection, whereas a predominantly proinflammatory cytokine response was observed in infants with influenza A infection. This may explain the different clinical manifestations of the two viral infections in infants (S8). 

Schaefer M, Horn M, Schmidt F, Schmid-Wendtner MH, Volkenandt M, Ackenheil M, Mueller N, Schwarz MJ. Correlation between sICAM-1 and depressive symptoms during adjuvant treatment of melanoma with interferon-alpha. Brain Behav Immun 2004 18 555-62. 

A second key-player in the metabolizing of 3-HK are monocytic cells infiltrating the CNS. They help astrocytes in the further metabolism to quinolinic acid (Guillemin et al., 2001). However, the low levels of sICAM-1 (ICAM-1 is the molecule that mainly mediates the penetration of monocytes and lymphocytes into the CNS) in the serum and in the CSF of non-mecUcated schizophrenic patients (Schwarz et al., 2000) and the increase of adhesion molecules during antipsychotic therapy indicate that the penetration of monocytes may be reduced in non-mecUcated schizophrenic patients (Muller etal., 1999). 

Schwarz MJ, Riedel M, Ackenheil M, Muller N (2000) Decreased levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in unmedicaled and medicated schizophrenic paderits. Biol Psychia-ti-y 47 29-33. 

Khair, O. A., Devalia, J. L., Abdelaziz, M. M., Sapsford, R. J., and Davis, R. J. (1995). Effect of erythromycin on Hemophilus influenzae endotoxin-induced release of IL-6, IL-8 and sICAM-1 by cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. Eur. Respir J. 8, 1451-1457. 

Must ensure that the autoclave is located in a bounded area to control water leaks, has good access for maimenance, has an air-break in the drain line, has sample ports for sicam and water lesiing. is located in an area that allows for heat dissipation. Must demonstrate that all operating systems are working, that all safety systems are working, that the autoclave has been tested for leaks and other malfunctions, that there is cycle to cycle continuity of performance. Must include calibration of all control equipment... 

Dayton PG, Berger L, Yu TF, Sicam LE, Landrau MA and Gutman AG, Relationship between pJCa and renal excretion of various phenylbutazone analogues. Fed. Proc., 18,382 (1959). 

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