Capillary endothelium

Keenan, T.W. and Franke, W.W. (1981). Legalisation of xanthine oxidase in mammary gland epithelium and capillary endothelium. Cell 25, 67-82. 

Lipoprotein lipase Enzyme located in the capillary endothelium involved in the breakdown of intravenous lipid emulsion particles. 

There are also numerous important variations in the microvasculature bed (i.e., arterioles, capillaries, and venules) that affect permeability. For example, venular portions of the capillaries have thin endothelial cells (170 nm), with frequent interendothelial discontinuities. About 30% of venular junctions are believed to have gaps of about 6 nm. Arterioles, in contrast, have endothelial cells that are linked by the tight junctions and communicating junctions, whereas the capillary endothelium contains... 

Soluble macromolecules of both natural and synthetic origin have been used as drug carriers. When compared with the particulate carriers, soluble macromolecules (a) encounter fewer barriers to their movement around the body and can enter into many organs by transport across capillary endothelium or in... 

More specifically, the blood-gas interface consists of the alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and interstitium. The alveolar wall is made up of a single layer of flattened type I alveolar cells. The capillaries surrounding the alveoli also consist of a single layer of cells — endothelial cells. In between the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium is a very small amount of interstitium. Taken together, only 0.5 pm separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries. The extreme thinness of the blood-gas interface further facilitates gas exchange by way of diffusion. 

In summary, the filtrate moves through the pores of the capillary endothelium, the basement membrane, and, finally, the filtration slits between the podocytes. This route of filtration is completely acellular. 

Recombinant GM-CSF (produced in Escherichia coli, yeast or COS cells) has been tested for its ability to affect haematopoiesis in primates and humans. Because of its relatively short half-life in the circulation, daily administration (usually via intravenous infusion) is required. Administration results in a transient neutropenia, monocytopenia and eosinopenia within 30 min of administration, presumably because of the ability of GM-CSF to stimulate the expression of adhesins and hence increase the numbers of leukocytes adhered to the capillary endothelium in the marginated pool. Additionally, these leukocytes may accumulate in the lungs after GM-CSF administration, which may contribute to the decrease in the observed numbers... 

The Endothelium and Lymphatics The capillary endothelial surface of the lung is the largest in the body [131]. The alveolar-capillary endothelium has... 

Figure 11.1 Ultrastructure of the human lung alveolar barrier. The tissue specimen is obtained via lung resection surgery. (A) Section through a septal wall of an alveolus. The wall is lined by a thin cellular layer formed by alveolar epithelial type I cells (ATI). Connective tissues (ct) separate ATI cells from the capillary endothelium (en) within which an erythrocyte (er) and granulocyte (gc) can be seen. The minimal distance between the alveolar airspace (ai) and erythrocyte is about 800-900 nm. The endothelial nucleus is denoted as n. (B) Details of the lung alveolar epithelial and endothelial barriers. Numerous caveolae (arrows) are seen in the apical and basal plasma membranes of an ATI cell as well as endothelial cell (en) membranes. Caveolae may partake transport of some solutes (e.g., albumin). (C) ATII cells (ATII) are often localised in the comers of alveoli where septal walls branch off. (D) ATII cells are characterised by numerous multilamellar bodies (mlb) which contain components of surfactant. A mitochondrion is denoted as mi.

Gao B, Stieger B, Noe B, Fritschy JM, Meier PJ (1999) Localization of the organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (Oatp2) in capillary endothelium and choroid plexus epithelium of rat brain. J Histochem Cytochem 47 1255-1264... 

Bowman PD, Betz AL, Ar D, Wolinsky JS, Penney JB, Shivers RR, Goldstein GW (1981) Primary culture of capillary endothelium from rat brain. In Vitro 17 353-362... 

Lipoprotein (LPLase) is required for the metabolism of both chylomicrons and VLDL. This enzyme is induced by insulin and transported to the luminal surface of capillary endothelium where it is in direct contact with the blood. Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes the fiitty adds from triglycerides carried by ch)4oinicrons and VLDL and is activated by apoC-II. 

ICAM-1 An adhesion protein of the capillary endothelium. Its synthesis is increased following stimulation by TNF-a. It is related in the blood and CSF as soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1). The brain capillaries are rich in ICAM-1, and even a single lesion visible by magnetic resonance imaging results in elevated serum concentrations. 

The secretion of T4 and T3 is a relatively complex process because T4 and T3 are stored in the peptide structure of Tg within the follicular lumen and therefore are separated from the pertechnetate and the capillary endothelium by the thyroid follicular cells. 

There is nothing to suggest that the human BBB is not at least equally well formed at birth than it is in the rat. Occludin and claudin-5 expression is detected in the capillary endothelium of the brain of the 14 week human fetus, and it has the same pericellular distribution as seen in the adult [72]. Pioneering studies by Grontoft [73] in stillborn human fetuses from approximately 12 week gestation and perinatal deaths have demonstrated a postmortem BBB to trypan blue present from at least the start of the second trimester, which is comparable to that of the adult human. 

Because the underlying problem in Parkinson disease is a deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia, simple substitution of this chemical would seem to be a logical course of action. However, dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Administration of dopamine either orally or parenterally will therefore be ineffective because it will be unable to cross from the systemic circulation into the brain where it is needed. Fortunately, the immediate precursor to dopamine, dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa Fig. 10-2), crosses the blood-brain barrier quite readily. Dopa, or more specifically levodopa (the L-isomer of dopa), is able to cross the brain capillary endothelium through... 

---