Shipyards

The extent and manner of NDE applied in different shipyards has been the subject of a recently completed exercise within LR. The exercise involved randomly selected shipyards building ship types which included oil tankers, bulk carriers, gas carriers, container ships, ro-ro and general cargo ships. The variation in extent of applied NDE that was observed is summarised in Table 1. 

The results of the review exercise described above confirmed that all shipyards do not have the same attitude towards quality. Whilst the results presented by most of the yards visited were reasonably consistent at 0.5 - 4.5 % repair rate regardless of NDE method, the results from other yards were less satisfactory. The exercise showed that in some yards repair rates were regularly in excess of 10% and that repair rates for radiography tended to be higher than those for ultrasonics. 

Agreement on the NDE plan will be dependent on the extent and relevance of theschedule. Under the amendments proposed to the Rules Surveyors will check that structurally significant welds are included in the shipyard s quality control programme. When agreement has been reached the Surveyor will endorse the plan. 

Welds represent particularly weak points. The sheet itself is mechanically shot blasted in the factory or in the shipyard and given a shop primer. The installation... 

This new standard applies to all respirator usage in general industry. This includes shipyards, marine terminals, longshoring, and construction workplaces. The standard covers respirator use when they are being worn to protect employees from exposure to air contaminants... 

In 1966, a naphtha tanker, the Alva Cape, was involved in a collision near New York and was severely damaged. Some naphtha was spilled, and the rest was pumped out into another vessel. The owners wanted to move the ship to a shipyard where it could be gas-freed and the damage could be surveyed, but the New York Fire Department said that the ship s tanks should be inerted before it was moved. The salvage company, therefore, ordered some carbon dioxide cylinders and hoses. Two tanks were inerted without incident, but when carbon dioxide was discharged into a third tank, an explosion occurred, followed by a fire. Four men were killed, and further explosions occurred in other tanks when they were heated by the fire. 

Private report on lead alloy produced by CWE Ltd., Materials Laboratory of New York Naval Shipyard to CWE Ltd. (1957)... 

In recent years there has been a tendency to use a.c. in preference to d.c. for industrial purposes, but d.c. systems may still be operating in shipyards, steelworks and similar sites for motive power and also for mobile cranes, lighting and control equipment. The running rails and mountings of such systems are usually in close contact with the earth and severe leakages can be expected to occur, either accidently or eis a result of deterioration with age. 

Scotch marine boilers (SM boilers) derive their name from the Scottish shipyards that built marine vessels for the British Navy. They were the first design of FT boiler to incorporate both furnace tubes and fire tubes inside the shell and replaced the brick-set boilers that used to burn through the bottoms of ships. The SM boiler was a particularly versatile design and quickly became the boiler of choice for many stationary (land) applications as well as for marine duty. Land-based SM boilers (now commonly called Scotch boilers) were not simply marine boilers adapted for stationary duty but incorporated specific design modifications to meet the requirements of land-based industry. 

OSHA Standards for Shipyard Employment-endosulfan 0.1 mg/m 29 CFR 1915.1000, OSHA 1999a... 

OSHA. 1997b. Occupational safety and health standards for shipyard employment. Toxic and hazardous substances. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 

The elements deposited within the sediment matrix show that mobilization processes may be occurring in the upper layers. At Station SIN 3, figure 4d for example, the element deposited (pg-cm-2) in the topmost layers decreases, often much more than in the concentration (Mg g 1). This may be due to organic matter decomposition and/or to environmental chemical reactions of solubility and precipitation of the given element. The metal must have been removed rapidly from the water column since the sediment concentration is shown to decrease rapidly with distance from the shipyard (Stations SIN 3 and SIN 2). Lead may not be mobilized significantly after deposition since any diffusion in the pore water would tend to "smooth" the concentration profile with time. 

Increases in Pb concentrations of 30 times have been measured in Lake Washington caused mainly through the burning of leaded fuel in internal combusion engines. Significant increases in the concentrations of Zn (6 times), Pb (13 times), and Cu (8 times) have been introduced by man s activity near Sinclair Inlet, probably as a result of shipyard s activities. 

Spatial distributions of AgPEO and AgPEC were found to be rather homogeneous throughout the lagoon and the sea samples. However, elevated concentrations were present in samples taken near an industrial area and near a shipyard. 

Metal profiles for two sediment cores from the Elizabeth River, VA, USA. Land use along the shores adjacent to collection site PC-1 (Paradise Creek) is primarily industrial and includes oil terminals, shipyard installations, coal transfer facilities, petroleum distribution and shipment operations, and wood treatment facilities. It has been identified as a toxic hot spot by the U.S. EPA. Land-use adjacent to WB-2 (Western Branch) is primarily residential. Excess lopb and profiles for (a) PC-1 and (b) WB-2 profiles. These were used to determine accumulation rates (1.1 to 2.3cm/y at PC-1 and <0.5cm/y at WB-2). Trace metal enrichment factor profiles (see Eq. 28.1 in text) are presented in profiles (c-g) in groups determined by the depth and shape of their concentration peaks. Source From Conrad, C. R, et al. (2007). Marine Pollution Bulletin 54, 385-395. 

The difficulties of adequate and reproducible diagnosis have interfered with determination of the incidence of mesothelioma. McDonald studied 11,000 Canadian chrysotile miners and, in 1980, reported that of the 4547 deaths in this group between 1910 and 1975, only 11 were recorded as resulting from mesothelioma (McDonald et al. 1980). At other sites, especially shipyards, mills, and manufacturing plants, other authors had reported higher incidences among individuals exposed to asbestos (e.g., Elmes et al., 1965 Newhouse and Thompson, 1965). Selikoff reported 15 mesotheliomas out of 199 deaths in 689 asbestos production and textile workers exposed between 1959 to 1971, although only 4 such deaths had been recorded before 1966 (Selikoff et al., 1972). 

Selikoff, I. J., and E. C. Hammond (1978). Asbestos-associated disease in the United States shipyards. Ca-A Cancer J. Clin. 28 87-99. 

Sanden A, Jarvholm B, Larsson S, et al The importance of lung function, nonmalignant diseases associated with asbestos, and symptoms as predictors of ischaemic heart disease in shipyard workers exposed to asbestos. Br J Ind Med 50 785-790, 1993... 

Welch LS, Schrader SM, Turner TW, et al Effects of exposure to ethylene glycol ethers on shipyard painters II. Male reproduction. AmJlndMed 14 509-526, 1988... 

The information on toxic effects in humans is limited, but it is expected that adverse effects would be consistent with those seen in animals. In one recent survey of shipyard painters, the high-EEA-exposure group had significantly lower mean white blood cells than the control group and a significant proportion of all exposed painters were leukopenic. ... 

Kim Y, Lee NR, Sakai T, et ah Evaluation of exposure to ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetates and their possible haematological effects on shipyard painters. Occup Environ Med 56(6) 378-382, 1999... 

In a recent report, shipyard painters with mean exposure concentrations of 3.03ppm had significantly lower white blood cell counts than controls, and 6 of 57 painters were leukopenic. ... 

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