Lead alloys producing

Other alloying ingredients in lead, eg, arsenic (0.5—0.7%) and silver [7440-22-4] (0.1—0.15%), inhibit grid growth on overcharge and reduce positive grid corrosion. Tin added to a lead alloy produces well-defined castings that are readily adapted to mass production techniques (84). 

Private report on lead alloy produced by CWE Ltd., Materials Laboratory of New York Naval Shipyard to CWE Ltd. (1957)... 

Only lead alloys containing copper below 0.08% have practical appHcations. Lead sheet, pipe, cable sheathing, wine, and fabricated products are produced from lead—copper alloys having copper contents near the eutectic composition. Lead—copper alloys in the range 0.03—0.08 wt % copper are covered by many specifications ASTM B29-92 (7), QQL 171 (United States), BS 334, HP2 Type 11 (Canada), DIN 1719 (Germany), and AS 1812 (Austraha). 

Metallurgy. Lithium forms alloys with numerous metals. Early uses of lithium alloys were made in Germany with the production of the lead alloy, BahnmetaH (0.04% Li), which was used for bearings for railroad cars, and the aluminum alloy, Scleron. In the United States, the aluminum alloy X-2020 (4.5% Cu, 1.1% Li, 0.5% Mn, 0.2% Cd, balance Al) was introduced in 1957 for stmctural components of naval aircraft. The lower density and stmctural strength enhancement of aluminum lithium alloys compared to normal aluminum alloys make it attractive for uses in airframes. A distinct lithium—aluminum phase (Al Li) forms in the alloy which bonds tightly to the host aluminum matrix to yield about a 10% increase in the modules of elasticity of the aluminum lithium alloys produced by the main aluminum producers. The density of the alloys is about 10% less than that of other stmctural aluminum alloys. 

Selenium acts as a grain refiner in lead antimony alloys (114,115). The addition of 0.02% Se to a 2.5% antimonial lead alloy yields a sound casting having a fine-grain stmcture. Battery grids produced from this alloy permit the manufacture of low maintenance and maintenance-free lead—acid batteries with an insignificant loss of electrolyte and good performance stability. 

Recycling of antimony provides a large proportion of the domestic supply of antimony. Secondary antimony is obtained from the treatment of antimony-hearing lead and tin scrap such as battery plates, type metal, beating metal, antimonial lead, etc. The scrap are charged iato blast furnaces, reverberatory furnaces, or rotary furnaces, and an impure lead bulHon or lead alloy is produced. Pure lead or antimony is then added to meet the specifications of the desired lead—antimony alloy. 

Calcium metal is produced in the United States by Pfizer Inc., Canaan, Coimecticut, and in Canada by Timminco Metals, Toronto, Ontario. In France it is produced by Pechiney ElectrometaHurgie. It is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the People s RepubHc of China. Both Pfizer and Timminco supply the various grades in a variety of sizes and forms. In addition, Pfizer suppHes an 80% Ca—20% Mg alloy and a steel-clad calcium wire for use in deoxidation of steel and other metals. Timminco and Pfizer both supply ca 75% Ca—25% Al alloy for use in lead alloying. Timminco also suppHes a 70% Mg—30% Ca alloy for use in lead debismuthizing (18), and calcium particulate products, which are purchased by several companies for the manufacture of cored wire for use in the steel industry. 

The addition of cathodically active elements to pure lead was the main objective of investigations to improve its corrosion resistance to H2SO4 [42,44]. Best known is copper-lead with 0.04 to 0.08% Cu. By adding combinations of alloying elements, it was possible to produce lead alloys that not only had much better corrosion resistance, but also had greater high-temperature strength. Lead alloy with 0.1% Sn, 0.1% Cu and 0.1% Pd is an example [45]. 

Strontium compounds, 23 319-324 estimated distribution of, 23 3201 world production of, 23 319-320 Strontium cyanide, 8 197 Strontium ferrate (1 1), 5 598 Strontium fluoride, 23 323 Strontium fluoroborate tetrahydrate, 4 153 Strontium halides, 23 323 Strontium hexaferrite, 23 323 Strontium hydride, 13 613 Strontium hydroxide, 23 324 Strontium iodide, 23 323 Strontium-lead alloys, 14 779 Strontium minerals, 23 320 producers of, 23 319 Strontium nitrate, 23 319, 321, 323 Strontium oxide, 23 318, 324 Strontium peroxide, 18 396, 23 324 Strontium-silicon alloy, 22 520 Strontium sulfate, 23 322, 324 Strontium sulfide, 23 322 Strontium titanate... 

Pure arsenic is presently used as a component of alloys (e.g., with lead to produce hunting ammunition). Arsenic compounds are also used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and tanning industries, in the manufacture of glass and ceramics, and as pesticides in agriculture and fruit-farming (Nriagu and Azcue, 1990). 

In addition to reduction of its ores in furnaces, manganese can be produced by electrolysis. The electrolyte is manganese sulfate that is produced by treating ore with sulfuric acid, (TMnOj + 2HjSO —> 2MnSO + + 2H2O). The anode is lead alloy, and the cathode is... 

Sodium forms alloys with a number of metals including lead, chromium, mercury, aluminum, silicon, and iron. With mercury, it forms sodium amalgam. Sodium-lead alloy is commercially used to produce tetraethyllead, which was used historically as an additive to gasoline ... 

The bimolecular reduction of aromatic nitro compounds, depending on reaction conditions, may produce azoxy compounds, azo compounds, hydrazo compounds (1,2-diarylhydrazines), benzidines, or amines. Whereas the reduction with zinc and sodium hydroxide leads to azo compounds, zinc and acetic acid/acetic anhydride produces azoxy compounds. Other reducing agents suggested are stannous chloride, magnesium with anhydrous methanol, a sodium-lead alloy in ethanol, thallium in ethanol, and sodium arsenite. 

The electrolysis Of fused alkali salts.—Many attempts have been made to prepare sodium directly by the electrolysis of the fused chloride, since that salt is by far the most abundant and the cheapest source of the metal. The high fusion temp. the strongly corrosive action of the molten chloride and the difficulty of separating the anodic and cathodic products, are the main difficulties which have been encountered in the production of sodium by the electrolysis of fused sodium chloride. Attention has been previously directed to C. E. Acker s process for the preparation of sodium, or rather a sodium-lead alloy, by the electrolysis of fused sodium chloride whereby sodium is produced at one electrode, and chlorine at the other but the process does not appear to have been commercially successful. In E. A. Ashcroft s abandoned process the fused chloride is electrolyzed in a double cell with a carbon anode, and a molten lead cathode. The molten lead-sodium alloy was transported to a second chamber, where it was made the anode in a bath of molten sodium hydroxide whereby sodium was deposited at the cathode. A. Matthiessen 12 electrolyzed a mixture of sodium chloride with half its weight of calcium chloride the addition of the chloride of the alkaline earth, said L. Grabau, hinders the formation of a subchloride. J. Stoerck recommended the addition of... 

Large quantities of tetramethyl lead (TML) were used back in the 1960s as an antiknock additive in high-octane gasoline before they were banned because of air pollution problems. TML was produced in a batch reactor that had the interesting feature of requiring the removal of a byproduct during the batch. The main reaction involves a solid sodium-lead alloy and liquid methyl chloride ... 

The initial large-scale production of tetraethyllead was based on the batchwise reaction of sodium-lead alloy with ethyl chloride. Although various details in this process have been changed over the years, the basic method remains the same for the manufacture of most of the tetraethyllead produced in the world today. 

The tetraethyllead-producing reaction is not as simple as it appears. As indicated by the equation, 75% of the input lead values are theoretically converted back to elemental lead and must be recycled. In practice, more of the lead is recycled. Although there has been considerable study of the process to minimize the extent of side reactions, approximately 10% of the sodium in the alloy is consumed in Wurtz-type side reactions to form hydrocarbons. Therefore, the yield of tetraethyllead based on the sodium is in the range of 85—90%. However, the amount of hexaethyldi-lead produced in the reaction of ethyl chloride with monosodium-lead alloys is ordinarily negligable. 

The most detailed studies of the phenomenon are confined to ammoniacal solutions. In the case of ammonia medium the familiar coordination complexes Cu(NH3) + and Cu(NH3)2 are formed, leading to selective removal of metal and causing the damage. In ammoniacal solutions traces of phosphorus (about 0.004%) increase the susceptibility to SCC. Other elements such as As and Sb have similar effects. These elements in trace amounts in the alloy produce precipitates at the grain boundaries and make the grain boundary region more anodic to the grain bodies. 

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