Service leasing

The principal U.S. manufacturers and/or water service companies that sold or leased chlorine dioxide generating equipment and services in 1991 were Aquatec, Capital Controls, Chemquip, Drew Chemical (Division of Ashland Chemical), Eischer Porter, Prominent Eluid Controls, Rio Linda, and Wallace Tiernan. 

Producers. The producers of databases are sometimes called database publishers because they make pubHc their databases. Some producers pubhsh hardcopy counterparts to databases and so are pubHshers in the traditional sense others pubHsh data only in electronic form. Database producers are responsible both for the deterrnination of content and for database production. Most producers offer their databases for lease or Hcense to private organisations or database vendors. Vendors offer database search services to the marketplace on a fee basis. An increasing number of producer/vendors such as Mead Data Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, and DRI/McGraw-HiU. (formerly Data Resources), offer search services (batch or online) from their own databases as well as from the databases of other products. 

Now take another example from the service industry accommodation. There are various categories, such as rented, leased, and purchased. In the rented category there are hotels, inns, guest houses, apartments, etc. It would be inappropriate to compare hotels with guest houses or apartments with inns. They are each in a different class. Hotels are a class of accommodation within which are grades such as 5 star, 4 star, 3 star, etc., indicating the facilities offered. 

Energy audits are also leveraged with a system commonly called over the fence energy. In this scheme, the end-user does not buy equipment, but purchases a commodity such as steam, heat, or compressed air from a third party. The third party owns, leases, or operates the equipment used to provide the energy service. It is then in the interest of that third party to ensure that energy audits are routinely carried out and unnecessary energy use is kept to... 

Sp ecial cases of capital investment decisions include lease or buy decisions, when-to-replace decisions, which design to choose, and comparison of alternatives with unequal service lives. These special cases are covered in Park (1997) and in Ruegg and Marshall (1990), as are the other methods for capital investment decisions. 

As a consequence, potentials for solving this conflict of interest between chemicals industry and environment policy are mainly seen in promoting new business models in which profits do not result from the quantity of chemicals sold, but rather from the services rendered by means of the chemicals. The term "Chemical Leasing" stands for such a service-oriented business model in... 

Mont (2001) Introducing and developing a Product-Service System (PSS) concept in Sweden (IIIEE Reports 2001 6). The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University, Sweden Nolte R (2004a) The six key questions on Chemical Leasing, chap. 2, op. cit. 

Chemical Leasing - a service based business model to support sound chemicals management... 

Chemical Leasing is a service-oriented business model that shifts the focus from increasing sales volume of chemicals towards a value-added approach. The producer mainly sells the functions performed by the chemical and functional units2 are the main basis for payment. 

Within Chemical Leasing business models, the responsibility of the producer and service provider is extended and may include the management of the entire life cycle. 

Chemical Leasing builds on the concept of the Cleaner Production approach as it is a preventive, environmental, service-oriented business model that aims at improving overall efficiency, enhancing environmental performance and increasing the competitive advantage of industry. 

What is it Chemical Leasing is a service oriented business model... 

Depending on the general conditions - like number of involved partners, offered service - three main models of Chemical Leasing can be distinguished (see Fig. 4). 

Chemical Leasing, in its broadest sense, reaches far beyond the use of chemicals According to this concept, the operating process, as a whole, is being leased. Thus, in addition to chemicals, the technical facilities, all services necessary for smooth functioning and, if applicable, also human resources are provided. This helps to dramatically improve the reliability of the complete production process. 

Remark Providing rooms, staff and logistic support is actually not part of Chemical Leasing. But by offering these additional services, PERO Innovative Service has facilitated to implement this business model for the first time world-wide. 

A long-term Chemical Leasing contract was signed by PERO Innovative Services (as provider of Chemical Leasing services) and Automobiltechnik Blau (as client). The client pays per number of cleaned parts. A precise quality specification is defined for each individual part. 

As provider of Chemical Leasing services PERO Innovative Services was able to include in the project all peripheral devices necessary for the supply, reconditioning, recovery and maintenance of the chemicals. The equipment was engineered based on the principle of cost reduction with regard to chemicals consumption, energy consumption, supply of spare parts and service. The solvent and the stabilisers used were adapted to the specific cleaning needs of Automobiltechnik Blau. 

The Chemical Leasing model has proven its ability to run in real operation for a sufficient period of time. Therefore PERO decided to offer this new concept also to a broader range of customers. PERO Innovative Services would be happy to work out such a concept in cooperation with other operators of cleaning machines. This would not only be a win-win situation for all parties involved regarding cost accounting but also for our environment. 

Description of processes and services supplied according to the Chemical Leasing model... 

Like in outsourcing de-lacquering the service of de-lacquering itself is also included in Chemical Leasing. The total chemicals management needed is outsourced to the de-lacquering company and supplier of the solvent. 

In Chemical Leasing, the supplier will provide the service of the fluxing process (using ammonium chloride and zinc chloride) to the user (see Fig. 3). 

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