Association studies

On the basis of the luciferin-luciferase reaction discovered by Dubois (1887), Michelson, Henry and their associates studied the biochemistry of the Pholas bioluminescence for several years beginning in 1970 (Michelson, 1978). They isolated, purified, and characterized the luciferin and the luciferase, and published about a dozen papers in which the luciferin isolated was referred to as Pholas luciferin. Since the luciferin is clearly a protein, later authors called it pholasin following the traditional way of naming a photoprotein... 

Yu, Y. W., Tsai, S. J. etal. (2002). Association study of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and symptomatology and antidepressant response in major depressive disorders. Mol. Psychiatry, 7(10), 1115-19. 

Hwang, R. et al. (2005). Association study of 12 polymorphisms spanning the dopamine D(2) receptor gene and clozapine treatment response in two treatment refractory/intolerant populations. Psychopharmacology, 181, 179-87. 

Del Zompo, M., Ardau, R., Palmas, M. A. etal. (1999). Lithium response association study with two candidate genes. Mol. Psychiatry, 4(1), S66-S67. 

Kunugi, H., Kato, T., Fukuda, R. el al. (2002). Association study of C825T polymorphism of the G-protein beta3 subunit gene with schizophrenia and mood disorders. /. Neural Transm. 109, 213-18. 

Spurlock, G., Helis, A., Holmas, P. etal. (1998). A family based association study of T 102C polymorphism in 5HT2A and schizophrenia plus identification of new polymorphisms in the promoter. Mol. Psychiatry, 3, 42-9. 

Wu, W.H., Huo, S.J., Cheng, C.Y., Hong, C.J. Tsai, S.J. (2001). Association study ofthe 5-HT (6) receptor polymorphism (C267T) and symptomatology and antidepressant response in major depressive disorders. Neuropsychobiology, 44, 172-5. 

Huang, Y., Liu, X. H., Xu, K. et al. (2002b). Association study of cytochrome P450 2D6 gene polymorphism and therapeutic response to risperidone in Chinese subjects with schizophrenia. Journal of Chinese Psychiatry, 35(2), 103-6. 

Wang, X. X., Mu, J. S. Wang, S. H. (2004). Association study of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and depression. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 14(4), 195-7. 

Gas-phase ion chemistry is a broad field which has many applications and which encompasses various branches of chemistry and physics. An application that draws together many of these branches is the synthesis of molecules in interstellar clouds (Herbst). This was part of the motivation for studies on the neutralization of ions by electrons (Johnsen and Mitchell) and on isomerization in ion-neutral associations (Adams and Fisher). The results of investigations of particular aspects of ion dynamics are presented in these association studies, in studies of the intermediates of binary ion-molecule Sn2 reactions (Hase, Wang, and Peslherbe), and in those of excited states of ions and their associated neutrals (Richard, Lu, Walker, and Weisshaar). Solvation in ion-molecule reactions is discussed (Castleman) and extended to include multiply charged ions by the application of electrospray techniques (Klassen, Ho, Blades, and Kebarle). These studies also provide a wealth of information on reaction thermodynamics which is critical in determining reaction spontaneity and availability of reaction channels. More focused studies relating to the ionization process and its nature are presented in the final chapter (Harland and Vallance). 

Guillaume et al. [69] presented a high performance liquid chromatographic method for an association study of miconazole and other imidazole derivatives in surfactant micellar using a hydrophilic reagent, Montanox DF 80. The thermodynamic results obtained showed that imidazole association in the surfactant micelles was effective over a concentration of surfactant equal to 0.4 pM. In addition, an enthalpy-entropy compensation study revealed that the type of interaction between the solute and the RP-18 stationary phase was independent of the molecular structure. The thermodynamic variations observed were considered the result of equilibrium displacement between the solute and free ethanol (respectively free surfactant) and its clusters (respective to micelles) created in the mobile phase. 

As the number of SNPs evaluated in an association study increases, a concern arises with false positives. This is true for candidate gene studies, but moreso for whole genome random SNP studies where tens to hundreds of thousands of SNPs will be evaluated. The traditional cutoff for assessing statistical significance (p<0.05] by definition can result in 5% false associations occurring simply by... 

Association studies are used to identify common alleles more frequently associated with phenotypic traits such as drug response or ADRs. These associated alleles are called causal polymorphisms or functional polymorphisms and are risk-conferring factors of the trait at the population level, while, at the individual level, they impact either on the cellular level of the gene product or its function. 

The main potential drawback of genetic association studies is the bias resulting of the lack of ethnic matching between the groups under study, which can lead to spurious results [42, 43]. This bias is the best known and acute problem of this design and affects the interpretation of the results. When comparing two groups... 

---