Endocrine disrupters environmental

Guillette LJJ, Crain DA, Rooney A. 1994. Endocrine-disrupting environmental contaminants and reproductive abnormalities in reptiles. Comments Toxicol 5 381-399. 

Fernandez MF, Rivas A, Pulgar R, Olea N (2001) In Nicolopoulu-Stamati P, Hens L, Howard CV (eds) Endocrine disrupters. Environmental health and policies. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 149... 

Houtman, C.J., Cenijn, P.H., Hamers, T., Lamoree, M.H., Legler, J., Murk, A.J., Brouwer, A. (2004). Toxicological profiling of sediments using in vitro bioassays with emphasis on endocrine disruption. Environmental Toxicology... 

L. Guillette, Endocrine-disrupting environmental contaminants and developmental abnormalities in embryos. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 1 25, 1995. 

Birnbaum, L. S., and Eenton, S. E. 2003. Cancer and developmental exposure to endocrine disrupters. Environmental Health Perspectives 111 389-394. 

Recently, the inappropriate activation of nuclear receptors has gained much attention in the context of endocrine disrupters. Environmental contaminants such as bisphenol A (BPA), primarily used to make plastics or phthalate esters added to plastics to increase flexibihty, are ligands for the estrogen receptor (Blair et al. 2000 Matthews et al. 2001). There is concern and controversy that current exposure levels could have a detrimental effect on in utero development (NTP 2008 vom Saal et al. 2007). 

Renner R. (2000). A new route for endocrine disrupters. Environmental Science and Technology 34 415A-416A. 

The improvement of PC teeth (REIGNING) by EB irradiation at I50°C was checked from the viewpoint of chemical properties for plastic teeth (Sano et al., 2011). Namely, the properties were water absorption, emission of BPA as the soluble product from PC teeth, and content of maltose and mucin as contamination materials on the surface. BPA emission from PC is feared, as BPA has health implications such as endocrine disrupters (Environmental Agency Japan, 1998 Polycarbonate Resin Manufacturing Group [Japan], 2003). Maltose and mucin formed from food by the enzyme (a-amylase) in saliva would adhere to the plastic teeth. The yields or contents of these materials were quantitatively analyzed before and after EB irradiation improvement. 

Ropero, A. B., Alonso-Magdalena, P., Ripoll, C., Puentes, E. Nadal, A. (2006). Rapid endocrine disruption Environmental estrogen actions triggered outside the nucleus. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry Molecular Biology, 102, 163-169. 

Collins, T. J. Persuasive communication about matters of great urgency Endocrine disruption. Environmental Science Technology 2008, 42, 7555-7558. 

US Environmental Protection Agency, Special Report on Environmental Endocrine Disruption An Effects Assessment and Analysis, EPA, Washington, 1997, EPA Report No. EPA/630/R-96/012. 

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology No. 12 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999... 

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Risk Assessment Foriim An endocrine disrupter is an exogenous agent that interferes with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural... 

The impact of chemical pollution on the reproductive success and population sizes of wildlife species is often difficult to assess. In many cases, environmental factors such as habitat restriction, stress due to human intrusion and changes in natural food supplies owing to hunting, fishing and restocking policies may have a significant, even predominant, effect on population size. This makes it difficult to determine to what extent, if any, environmental endocrine disrupters may be contributing to observed effects on reproduction or population size in wildlife species. 

Of all the uncertainties surrounding the hypothesis that environmental chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties are responsible for the observed effects in humans and wildlife, one of the major unknowns relates to exposure. Humans and wildlife can be, and sometimes are, exposed to these substances in the environment but our knowledge of the levels, routes and timing of exposure is poor. 

Human exposure to environmental contaminants has been investigated through the analysis of adipose tissue, breast milk, blood and the monitoring of faecal and urinary excretion levels. However, while levels of persistent contaminants in human milk, for example, are extensively monitored, very little is known about foetal exposure to xenobiotics because the concentrations of persistent compounds in blood and trans-placental transmission are less well studied. Also, more information is needed in general about the behaviour of endocrine disruptive compounds (and their metabolites) in vivo, for example the way they bind to blood plasma proteins. 

Observed recovery in raptors has been slow owing to their lifecycle this is also an indication of the environmental movement and dispersal of endocrine disrupting chemicals from areas of intense agriculture to the aquatic environmental... 

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