Selection of Equipments

The choice of extraction equipment should be based on the minimum annual cost for the complete package of extractor and accessory equipment, including operating and solvent loss costs. 

In addition to the requirements of processing so much feed and solvent with a required number of theoretical stages, there are the practical considerations concerning contamination, entrainment, emulsification, floor space, height requirements, cleanability, and versatility to handle other than design rates. The suitability of various type extractors with respect to each of these considerations is listed in Table 3. Not all of the features compared in the table can be equated. The tabulation is provided to show comparisons to aid in the selection of suitable equipment. 

Other criteria for the selection of an extractor are the ease of separation of the two phases and the difficulty of extraction. For example, if the two phases have a large density difference, or at least one is quite viscous, the energy required to get a good enough dispersion for good extraction may lead to excessive backmixing of the continuous phase. 

The extractor selection map depicted in Fig. 26 reflects the above considerations plus the number of stages required. Where the degree of extraction exceeds the probable maximum staging achievable in one extractor, the extractors can be used in series. 

Based on technical specifications, acceptable equipment is identified. The final selection is made on the same basis as in Selection of System. The decision tree is shown in Fig. 3.13. 

Define performance characteristics based on system selection. 

Calctdate costs, consumption of goods (energy, electricity, etc.), and possible heat recovery of acceptable systems. 

Select the optimal equipment solution based on the comparison calculations. 

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The selection of equipment for the treatment of solid particle emissions to the atmosphere depends on a number of factors ... 

The anhydrous salt is prepared by several methods, eg, by reacting ZrCl with liquid anhydrous HP. It is necessary to use an excess of HP which also acts as a wetting agent. The reaction is instantaneous and is carried out in a polyethylene jar or carboy. When the evolution of HCl ceases, the material is transferred to a tray and dried under an atmosphere of nitrogen. By proper selection of equipment, purification of raw material, and drying conditions, materials of spectrographic purity can be produced (4). 

The thermal duty here is the opposite of solidification operations. The indirect heat-transfer equipment suitable for one operation is not suitable for the other because of the material-handling rather than the thermal aspects. Whether the temperature of transformation is a definite or a ranging one is of little importance in the selection of equipment for fusion. The burden is much agitated, but the beds are deep. 

Selection of Equipment Packed columns usually are chosen for very corrosive materials, for liquids that foam badly, for either small-or large-diameter towers involving veiy low allowable pressure drops, and for small-scale operations requiring diameters of less than 0.6 m (2 ft). The type of packing is selected on the basis of resistance to corrosion, mechanical strength, capacity for handling the required flows, mass-transfer efficiency, and cost. Economic factors are discussed later in this sec tion. 

Equipment Selection Ideally, selection of equipment to produce a gas-in-hquid dispersion should be made on the basis of a complete economic analysis. The design engineer and especially the pilot-plant engineer seldom have sufficient information or time to do... 

Selection of Equipment The principal factors which influence mixing-equipment choice are (1) the process requirements, (2) the flow properties of the process fluids, (3) equipment costs, and (4) construction materials required. 

Introduction Insoluble hquids may be brought into direct contact to cause transfer of dissolved substances, to allow transfer of heat, and to promote chemical reaction. This subsection concerns the design and selection of equipment used for conduc ting this type of liquid-hquid contact operation. 

Selection of Equipment If a new product is being considered, the preliminaiy study must be highly detailed. Laboratory or pilot-plant work must be done to establish the controhing factors. The problem is then to select and instaU equipment which 1 operate for quantity production at minimum overall cost. Most equipment vendors have pilot equipment available on a rental basis or can conduct test runs in their own customer-demonstration facilities. 

A guide to the. selection of equipment may be based on ieed.size and hardness (see subsec tion Grindability ) as shown in Table 20-7. It should be emphasized that Table 20-7 is merely a guide and that exceptions can be found in practice. 

These matters are organized into three major divisions the types of equipment, the criteria employed in the selection of equipment, and the sizing and design of the equipment. 

The selection of equipment to meet the above needs depends on many factors options include these ... 

There are two categories of equipment which determine the selection of equipment general-purpose and special-to-type equipment. It should not be necessary to specify all the general-purpose equipment needed to perform basic measurements, which would be expected to be known by appropriately trained personnel. You should not need to tell an inspector or tester which micrometer, vernier caliper, voltmeter, or oscilloscope to use. These are the tools of the trade and they should select the tool which is capable of measuring the particular parameters with the accuracy and precision required. However, you will need to tell them which device to use if the measurement requires unusual equipment or the environmental conditions prevailing require that only equipment be selected that will operate in such an environment. In such cases the particular devices to be used should be specified in the test or inspection procedures. In order to demonstrate that you selected the appropriate device at some later date, you should consider recording the actual device used in the record of results. With mechanical devices this is not normally necessary because wear should be detected well in advance of there being a problem by periodic calibration. 

All electrical protective equipment (e.g., circuit breakers, fuses, bus bars, and motor starters) is rated for maximum short circuit currents by NEMA standards. Proper selection of equipment must be based on available short circuit currents. 

In areas where electrical equipment is exposed to contaminants, the selection of equipment whose contacts are oil-immersed or hermetically sealed can increase reliability and equipment life. Similarly, providing environmentally-controlled equipment rooms can greatly increase equipment life at locations where contaminants are prevalent. In offshore and other areas exposed to salt, type 316 stainless steel is often preferred over types 303 and 304, which will pit with time. Likewise, in similar locations, equipment fabricated from galvanized steel will corrode much more rapidly than equipment hot-dip galvanized after fabrication. 

Figure 1-36. Process engineering costs (1975), based on process engineering charged at 14 per manhour. Chemical plant engineering operations, includes flowsheet development and drafting, material and heat balances, equipment designs, ratings, checking, and bid reviews and selection of equipment. By permission, E. E. Ludwig [7].

Zjk - binary variable for selection of equipment size dimensionless... 

The USP Dissolution General Chapter < 711 > describes the basket (Apparatus 1) and paddle (Apparatus 2) in detail. There are certain variations in usage of the apparatus that occur in the industry and are allowed with proper validation. The literature contains a recommendation for a new USP general chapter for dissolution testing (6). In this article, guidance for method validation and selection of equipment is described. It may be a useful guide when showing equipment equivalence to compendial equipment. 

Careful selection of equipment used to carry out chromatography is as important as the selection of the technique itself. Flexibility, ease of manipulation and ability to automate are important. Different techniques have different requirements for column configuration, all require the maximum throughput for process efficiency and economy, and benefit from automation of the individual process steps. 

While validating a production process, several steps were listed as they pertained to each of the components of manufacturing equipment, process conditions, personnel, and so forth. These key elements multiply rapidly when it comes to analytical methods validation. Take, for example, HPLC — the most commonly used method of analysis. A typical analytical method would involve use of columns, pumps, heaters, detectors, controllers, samplers, sensors, recorders, computers, reagents, standards, and operators — put together as a system. Each of these components and systems needs independent validation, followed by a validation of the system. Note that when this equipment is used to manufacture a product such a therapeutic proteins wherein HPLC techniques are used for the purification purpose, then all additional requirements of a manufacturing system also apply, including, but not limited to, the requirement that the equipment be of a sanitary kind. This limits the choice for manufacturers, and these considerations should be taken into account in the first selection of equipment. 

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