General Equipment

Equipment and material normally amount to about 40 to 45 percent of the costs of a typical chemical plant. In general, equipment and material costs are ghtly cheaper in European countries and Japan, whereas in Mexico and Canada they are nearer the United States average. 

The next step is to address the startup drivers in the power reeovery eases and determine the general equipment aiTangements. Some general eriteria used to begin determining the equipment arrangement inelude ... 

Generally, equipment is not designed for vacuum due to blocking in a vessel after steaming for shutdown reasons. Reliance is placed on good operations to... 

The flame ionization detector is capable of measuring only gaseous hydrocarbons, in other words, hydrocarbons that have a low boiling point. Emission gases can, however, also contain hydrocarbons in liquid form at ambient temperature and pressure. Therefore, analyzers based on flame ionization detection are generally equipped with heating elements to keep rhe sampling line and the detector at about 200 °C. 

The machinery employed in the early refineries was rather small in scale and operated iiiefficieutly. Generally, equipment consisted of a series of shell tubes or stills. These were placed in the horizontal position and were connected one to another from the top through the use of vapor pipes. These pipes directed the vapors from the stills into condensers which cooled the gases and so caused the products to separate out. These products were then collected in sequence, often at one point in the plant, as liquids of varying densities and properties. 

General Equipment Command essentially engineer equipment and general supplies and equipment outside the responsibilities of the Defense Supply Agency... 

In general, equipment selection should be based on obtaining the highest quality boiler FW possible, consistent with boiler duty and with due regard to the cost-benefit circumstances at hand. 

Laboratory furnaces. Several types of furnaces are used in the laboratory these are often available as commercial rigs, generally equipped with more or less sophisticated temperature measurement and control devices. As an alternative, a lab-made or commercial furnace and its temperature measuring devices may be connected to a multi-channel data acquisition/actuator/switch unit, to be programmed by a personal computer, in order to plan and carry out thermal treatments, to collect and retrieve measured thermal data, etc. 

In most cases, indirect UV detection is used because existing commercial instruments are generally equipped with such detector. However, many of these ions may be detected at 185 or 200 nm, provided their concentration is high enough (above lOOpg/mL). 

Once a hazardous location has been classified, appropriate electrical equipment must be chosen for that area. In general, equipment must be approved for use in that hazardous classified area. Testing labs such as UL test, label, list, or approve equipment suitable for installation in accordance with their legislated code. 

Energy dispersive instruments are used for qualitative analysis and routine quantitation (Fig. 13.5) and represent the first category of instruments. They are generally equipped with a low power X-ray tube instead of a radioactive source in order to eliminate constraints caused by legislation. 

Rockets of the smaller sizes, for use as toys, are closed at the top with plugs of solid clay and are supplied with conical paper caps. They produce the spectacle only of a trail of sparks streaking skyward. Rockets are generally equipped with sticks to give them balance and direct their flight and are then fired from a trough or frame, but other rockets have recently come on the market which are equipped with vanes and are fired from a level surface while standing in a vertical position. 

The general equipment used can range from very simple columns and test tubes to elaborate pumps, columns, detectors, and fraction collectors automatically controlled by a computer with an appropriate human interface. Minimal equipment is sufficient for exploratory work or one-time development cycles more sophisticated equipment is beneficial for laboratories engaged in more intensive development. A modest set of useful equipment includes 1) peristaltic pump 2) end-over-end tube rotator 3) fraction collector and 4) spectrophotometer (UV visible). 

Generally, equipment blanks provide useful information only if all of the following conditions are met ... 

Burning tdf is often economically attractive for pulp and paper mills. Since their boilers are generally equipped to bum hog fuel, very little equipment modification is necessary to bum tdf. Often the competing fuel for the boiler is hog fuel, which is sometimes more expensive than tdf on a dollars per million Btu basis. For instance, at 30 per ton for wire-free tdf, the equivalent cost per tire consumed is about 0.30. The cost for the same fuel value of hog fuel can be as high as 0.45, when hog fuel is in short supply. If the costs of handling, transportation, and ash... 

Table 1. A suggestion for a basic on-site FTIR kit General equipment...

The sequence of process operations for coal agglomeration is depicted in the generalized flow diagram of Fig. 8.2. Possible equipment for each step is also indicated. In general, equipment well-known in the chemical and mineral industries can be applied in the process. The operations consist of selective flocculation or microagglomeration, agglomerate recovery with simultaneous impurity rejection, further size enlargement of the recovered and... 

The problem is that American refineries are generally equipped in a manner that makes it difficult to impossible for them to process the heavy crude, and heavy crude contains high quantities of sulfur that must be dealt with in an environmentally acceptable manner. Refining heavy crude is more complex and more costly. 

General equipment design description (e.g., does design represent an open or closed system or provide for a sterile or nonsterile operation )... 

F Propane, butane, or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has seen practical service in passenger automobiles for 30 years or more. Because LPG is used in the vapor phase, it pollutes less than gasoline but more than natural gas. A number of cars in the Clean Air Car Race ran on LPG. The table below lists the results and those for natural gas. It must be kept in mind that these vehicles were generally equipped with platinum catalyst reactors and with exhaust-gas recycle. Therefore the gains in emission control did not come entirely from the fuels. 

High-class Hydraulic HDP are generally equipped with a design approved PRV on the hydraulic side. This teprovides a safety device against overpressure in case the HDP is the only pressure increasing unit in the system. 

The following list contains general equipment and reagents, which are used in the protocols. 

Recommended inhibitor (sodium dichromate) concentrations are 2 kg/m of CaCla and 3.2 kg/m of NaCl brine. Sodium dichromate when dissolved in water or brine makes the solution acid. Steel, iron, copper, or red brass can be used with brine circulating systems. Calcium chloride systems are generally equipped with albiron-and-steel pumps and valves to prevent electrolysis in event of acidity. Copper and red brass tubing are used for calcium chloride evaporators. Sodium chloride systems are using all-iron or all-bronze pumps. 

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