Security of supply

In such diverse and sophisticated gas-using economies, security of supply and the efficient employment of producing assets depend upon an extensive network of pipelines that interconnect regions with diverse climates and diverse consumption patterns winter-peaking and summer-peaking demand that is climate-sensitive, business cycle-sensitive, and price-sensitive customers who place a high premium on continuity of supply, and those who are relatively insensitive to risk of interruption. These parties depend to a different degree, and place... 

Confirmation as to whether a guarantee of security of supply can be provided throughout the year, including any anticipated periods of drought. 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal, state and local authorities govern security of supply in relation to quantity for surface and groundwater by the granting of an abstraction license. The license limits the total daily quantity and the rate at which the waters may be abstracted, taking account of the natural resource and the needs of other abstractors. Metered water supply is subject to contract with the water companies, who may impose quantity and draw-off rate limitations. The limitations imposed by the license or contract may influence plant location. 

In isolated areas, it may be a requirement that at least one unit is needed for standby to meet security of supply, and this can be provided by 2 x 100 per cent or, say, 3 X 50 per cent units. Availability is maximized as the standby unit can be brought into operation during outage of one of the normally operating machines. 

This total heat load is given as 22.6 x 10 kWh per annum. Supplementary heat is therefore necessary to provide the additional (22.6 — 13) = 9.6 x 10 kWh per annum. For security of supply, 4 MW boilers capable of giving full independent supply provided this. 

Catalyst chemists, like others, live and work in a competitive world. Competitors may react to new plants, or process improvements, in various ways, and it usually helps to look at the situation from their standpoint, and visualize dangers. In particular, if additional capacity can only be filled at the expense of a competitor s market, his standard costs will rise, and he may be expected to react vigorously, by talking to customers, offering them benefits or security of supply and price, or price cutting. On the other hand, if the new capacity merely provides for market growth that no one else has the plant to supply, then there may be no adverse reaction. 

Most of the biofuel production processes developed to date are immature and have never been implemented on an indnstrial scale. Projections of the amount of biofuel depend on the development of the bioeconomy and society. Biofuels are generally considered as offering many priorities, inclnding sustainability, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, regional development, social structure and agriculture, security of supply (Reijnders, 2006). 

Subsidies and incentives are provided independendy from the environmental impact that ethanol may have during its entire life cycle, therefore, supporting biofuel production in the US. In 2001, the Emopean Commission launched a policy to promote the use of biofuels for transport in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the environmental impact of transport, as well as to increase security of supply, technological iimovation and agricultural diversification (UN, 2006). 

We would like to have cheap energy, or, at least, energy as inexpensive as possible we would like secure energy supplies (in the political sense) and we want to have supply systems with minimum environmental effects. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to get all three at the same time. For many countries, the cheapest supplies are for some time likely to be imported oil, these are not however, necessarily secure. The use of coal may be politically secure and relatively inexpensive but not environmentally sanitary. S3mthetic fuels based on coal may pose environmental problems because of the large amounts of coal to be mined and processed, and may not be cheap either. Electricity, because it can be generated in a variety of ways and in many places responds well to security of supply. Environmental effects at the point of end use are minimal. 

The priorities in terms of liquid fuel production in Canada should be exploration for crude oil, further development of the oil sands, and, perhaps, liquefaction of coal. Liquefaction of wood should be pursued at a lower priority. Nevertheless, the attraction of security of supply of liquid fuel from a renewable resource does justify some research, development and demonstration on wood production and wood liquefaction. 

Security of supply. Sourcing a novel solvent from a single supplier represents a high degree of risk for a launched product. 

At the same time the relatively high cost of gas transportation requires a reconsideration of the gas field development perspectives. This will affect investment opportunities in transportation pertaining to pipeline systems and the production and distribution of LNG and related markets [4]. Thus, natural gas significantly differs from oil that is a universal commodity with international prices, whereas gas prices and contracts are often specific to local or regional markets. This would give the transit countries an advantage in buying natural gas at favourable conditions. This may affect the security of supply in a positive manner. 

S.Shatvoryan, Investigations and strategies for security of supplies in Armenia, Proceedings of NATO ARW Security of Natural Gas Supply through Transit Countries , Tbilisi, May, 2003... 

The security of supply is guarantee by the diversification of sources. The safety of the distribution network is obtained by a constant improvement of the monitoring system and passive protection in difficult areas such as river and mountain crossings. 

The investments required to develop and operate storage facilities represent a major share of the cost of gas supply. Sustained efforts from industrial R D are devoted to the widely used conventional techniques (storage in oil and gas fields, storage in aquifers, and storage in solution mined salt caverns) with the aim to both improve their performances and reduce their costs. Beside the potential of improvement in the performance on the existing sites, the development of new technologies continues to guarantee the consumer security of supply at a reduced cost. 

Strategic reserve for security of supply in case of disruption (particularly used in Member States with high dependence on non-EU gas imports) ... 

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