Interconnected region

Fig. 5. Rigid-body analysis of citrate synthase, using two X-ray structures (after Hayward and Berendsen, Proteins 30 (1998) 144). The decomposition of the protein into two domains (dark gray and white) and two interconnecting regions (light gray) is shown, together with the hinge axis for the closing/opening motion between them.

In such diverse and sophisticated gas-using economies, security of supply and the efficient employment of producing assets depend upon an extensive network of pipelines that interconnect regions with diverse climates and diverse consumption patterns winter-peaking and summer-peaking demand that is climate-sensitive, business cycle-sensitive, and price-sensitive customers who place a high premium on continuity of supply, and those who are relatively insensitive to risk of interruption. These parties depend to a different degree, and place... 

This equation shows that equilibrium (specified by dG = 0) between interconnected regions at constant T and p is defined by... 

Spinodal decomposition is the second mechanism of liquid-liquid phase separation. Here, the solution spontaneously separates into interconnected regions of high and low polymer concentration with intertwined networks. The authors report that for chemically Induced systems (polymer/solvent/nonsolvent), the nucleation and growth kinetics are much too rapid to permit spinodal decomposition. 

In this code, a 1-dimensional electrochemical element is defined, which represents a finite volume of active unit cell. This 1-D sub-model can be validated with appropriate single-cell data and established 1-D codes. This 1-D element is then used in FLUENT, a commercially available product, to carry out 3-D similations of realistic fuel cell geometries. One configuration studied was a single tubular solid oxide fuel cell (TSOFC) including a support tube on the cathode side of the cell. Six chemical species were tracked in the simulation H2, CO2, CO, O2, H2O, and N2. Fluid dynamics, heat transfer, electrochemistry, and the potential field in electrode and interconnect regions were all simulated. Voltage losses due to chemical kinetics, ohmic conduction, and diffusion were accounted for in the model. Because of a lack of accurate and detailed in situ characterization of the SOFC modeled, a direct validation of the model results was not possible. However, the results are consistent with input-output observations on experimental cells of this type. 

Current density is shown on the electrolyte and air-flow velocity vectors are shown for the cap-end of the tubular fuel cell. Cathode and support tube layers have been removed for clarity. Results indicate that current density and fuel consumption vary significantly along the electrol5de surface as hydrogen fuel is consumed and current flows around the electrodes between interconnect regions. Peak temperature occurs about one-third of the axial distance along the tube from the cap end. 

Multi-zone, Tanks-in-Series, and Axial dispersion models (Fig. 12.3-1 F) Other, less fundamental approaches accounting for mixing limitations in reactors are described in Section 12.7. They are based on simplified descriptions of the mixing pattern, e.g., a ID axial dispersion approach, or on the decomposition of the complex flow reactor into multiple interconnected regions or zones, each of these being described by a different idealized mixing pattern. Such semi-empirical models contain model parameters which have to be determined, experimentally or a posteriori from PDF, CFD, or RTD data. 

Figure 5.11 Scanning electron micrograph of an integrated circuit chip, on which is noted aluminum interconnect regions. Approximately 2000x.

The flow of circulating currents in the grounding conductors or ground of region two caused between two or more interconnected grounding stations, for a fault occurring in region one is termed the telluric effect. 

Canada, in response to extreme concerns regarding the reliability of the rapidly developing interconnected power networks in North America. NERC is a not-for-profit corporation owned by ten regional councils, whose members come from virtually all segments of the electric power industiy. Their parent companies account for virtually all the electrical energy supplied thronghout the United States, Canada, and northern portions of Baja California, Mexico. The various regional councils arc as follows ... 

The sulphide usually forms an interconnected network of particles within a matrix of oxide and thus provides paths for rapid diffusion of nickel to the interface with the gas. At high temperatures, when the liquid Ni-S phase is stable, a duplex scale forms with an inner region of sulphide and an outer porous NiO layer. The temperature dependence of the reaction is complex and is a function of gas pressure as indicated in Fig. 7.40 . A strong dependence on gas pressure is observed and, at the higher partial pressures, a maximum in the rate occurs at about 600°C corresponding to the point at which NiS04 becomes unstable. Further increases in temperature lead to the exclusive formation of NiO and a large decrease in the rate of the reaction, due to the fact that NijSj becomes unstable above about 806°C. 

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