Secondary sources

Acidity constants from the literature are reported in [928,1461,1489,1503,2730, 2731,2733-2740,2833,2837]. Acidity constants and model parameters from previous 

Reference [2749] reports results from [1472], and [2750] reports results from [951]. The IEP of alumina at pH 7.3 is reported in [2751] without any specific information about the source of material or about experimental conditions (probably from the literature). The IEP of titania at pH 5.6 is reported in [2752] without experimental conditions (probably from the literature). The IEP of mica at pH 3-3.5 is reported in [2753] without experimental conditions (probably from the literature). Reference [2754] reports charging curves of titania, obtained under unspecified experimental conditions, probably from previous paper. Reference [2755] reports lEPs from the literature and estimated from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The PZCs reported in [2756] are probably from the literature (no experimental details are provided). lEPs from the literature ar e reported in [2757-2765,2767-2792,2794-2804,2842,2852,2894,2900,2905]. lEPs and PZCs from the literature are reported in [169,2805-2807]. The lEPs/PZCs reported in [2808] are also probably from the literature. Charging and electrokinetic curves from the literature are reported in [2809]. Electrokinetic curves from the literature are reported in [2810-2812]. PZCs from previous papers by the same authors are reported in [1165,2813-2821]. lEPs from previous papers by the same authors are reported in [111,2009,2822-2825]. Electrokinetic curves from previous papers by the same authors are reported in [2826,2827]. Reference [2828] reports PZC for an ill-defined material, and PZC from the literature. Reference [2829] reports calculated charging curves based on results from the literature. References [222, 1784,2830,2831] report surface charging data from the literature. Reference [2832] reports surface charging curves and PZCs from the literature. The PZCs in Table 1 of [947] are probably taken from the literature. References [2835,2836] probably report PZCs from the literature and [2838,2839] probably report lEPs from the literature. Reference [2840] reports PZCs from the literature that were confirmed by a nonstandard method. PZCs from the literature are also reported in [84,87,92, 114,118,188,723,780,945,968,1115,1162,1505,1533,1699,1766,1773,1975,1976,1996, 2035,2708,2766,2793,2841,2843-2845,2847-2851,2853-2893,2895-2899,2901-2904,2906-2917]. Reference [2846] reports a result of coagulation study from the literature. 

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Different types of other coal liquefaction processes have been also developed to convert coals to liqnid hydrocarbon fnels. These include high-temperature solvent extraction processes in which no catalyst is added. The solvent is usually a hydroaromatic hydrogen donor, whereas molecnlar hydrogen is added as a secondary source of hydrogen. Similar but catalytic liquefaction processes use zinc chloride and other catalysts, usually under forceful conditions (375-425°C, 100-200 atm). In our own research, superacidic HF-BFo-induced hydroliquefaction of coals, which involves depolymerization-ionic hydrogenation, was found to be highly effective at relatively modest temperatnres (150-170°C). 

Secondary lead production made up over 70% of the lead produced in the United States in 1992 vs 54% in 1980. The amount of secondary lead produced was 698 X 10 t in 1988, 888 x 10 t in 1990, and 878 x 10 t in 1992. Of the 1.2 x 10 t of lead consumed in the United States in 1992, approximately 880,000 t were produced from the recycling of lead—acid batteries and 350,000 t from primary sources. A similar trend exists worldwide. In 1992, for the first time, slightly over half (51%) of the lead produced in the world came from secondary sources. 

Secondary sources of data are useful when they exist. Databases (qv) of pubUshed information have been assembled, and market researchers can tap them provided their company buys the service. These databases can save the market analyst many hours of work. The services also provide much of the general sociopolitical—economic background needed, such as petroleum (qv) prices, government regulations, foreign competition, etc. 

Secondary sources also may exist within a company or consulting firm. These sources are usually unpubUshed reports or raw data collected at a prior time for another purpose. 

A conservative estimate of the total value of the products from the mineral industry is ca 3.9 trillion ia terms of 1992 dollars (4). This estimate does not include the value of products derived from secondary sources such as recycling (qv) or reclamation. Secondary recovery is significant for certain commodities. For example, in 1992 ca 30% of the world steel (qv) production, 46% of the world refined lead output, 15% of the world refined copper (qv) production, and ca 30% of the aluminum (see Aluminumand ALUMINUM alloys) output from the Western world were clearly identified as being derived from scrap. The value of the world mineral commodity export trade in 1992 was ca 616,698 million ia 1992 dollars. This accounted for ca 18% of all commodities exported (4). 

Secondary sources of patent information, Advances in patent documentation. Types of patent information searches. On-line database searching methods. Cross-file and multifile techniques. 

Fig. 1. Recycling of the nonferrous metals ( ) lead, ( ) nickel (stainless steel), (U) copper, (S) aluminum, and ( ) 2iac from secondary sources from 1989...

The cost of various silver compounds is a function of the silver market price. In 1980, the estimated usage of silver ia the United States was 3730 metric tons (120 X 10 troy oz) (23). This silver is derived from silver mined within the United States silver recycled or reclaimed from secondary sources, eg, coiaage, flatware, jewelry, and photographic materials and imported silver. In 1980, Canada, Mexico, and Pern, the principal exporters of silver to the United States, shipped 1670 tons (53.8 x 10 troy oz) as silver buUion and silver compounds. U.S. imported 2799 t and exported 964 t ia 1988 (23). 

Based on reported consumption plus information from a secondary sources on companies not canvassed, including estimates. 

The secondary source of fine particles in the atmosphere is gas-to-particle conversion processes, considered to be the more important source of particles contributing to atmospheric haze. In gas-to-particle conversion, gaseous molecules become transformed to liquid or solid particles. This phase transformation can occur by three processes absortion, nucleation, and condensation. Absorption is the process by which a gas goes into solution in a liquid phase. Absorption of a specific gas is dependent on the solubility of the gas in a particular liquid, e.g., SO2 in liquid H2O droplets. Nucleation and condensation are terms associated with aerosol dynamics. 

TOXLINE (non-royalty based) Toxicology Information Online National Library of Medicine 8600 Roekville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 (301) 496-1131 On-line bibliographic database covering the pharmacological, physiological, and toxicological effects of drugs and chemicals. Information is taken from eleven secondary sources. 

Also, possible specific secondary sources of energy should be studied at this stage. 

Alkali waste. This is a secondary source and is often obtained from the waste of chemical plants. Such material will contain calcium oxide and/or calcium carbonate. 

Journal articles and patents contain virtually all of the original work in organic chemistry. However, if this were all, if there were no indexes, abstracts, review articles, and other secondary sources, the literature would be unusable because it is so vast that no one could hope to find anything in particular. Fortunately, the secondary sources are excellent. There are various kinds and the categories tend to merge. Our classification is somewhat arbitrary. 

A complete inventory analysis is conducted for each segment of the fluid milk supply chain to account for all the resource inputs and the primary and secondary sources of GHG emissions (CO2, CH4, and N2O) to air, water, and soil. The resource inputs include raw materials and energy. Their impact on GHG emissions are secondary sources of GHGs. The primary sources of GHG emissions are associated with farm operations. 

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