Secondary inoculation

Fig. 2. Immunogenicity of synthesized lipopeptide and nonlipidated peptide. Groups of BALB/c mice (6-8 wk old) were inoculated subcutaneously with 20 nmol of peptide immunogens in both primary and secondary inoculations. All lipopeptides were administered in saline, and the nonlipidated peptide was administered in either CFA or saline. Sera were obtained from blood taken 4 wk following the primary (open circles) inoculation and 2 wk following the secondary (closed circles) inoculation. Antibody levels were determined by ELISA. Individual antibody titers are presented with the mean value represented by the horizontal bar.

Production of Monoclonal Anti-Picloram Antibody, Ten 11-week-old mice were injected intraperitoneally with a total volume of 250 uL of a 1 1 (v/v) mixture of 70 ug of immunogen dissolved in PBS and Freund s complete adjuvant (16). Secondary inoculations were given three and eleven weeks after the initial immunization. One week following each secondary inoculation, the mice were bled from the retro-orbital plexus and the anti-picloram serum antibody titer was determined using the RIA procedure described by Hall et al. (1 ). A serum sample was considered positive for anti-picloram antibody activity if binding of the picloram radiolabel was more than twice the level of non-specific binding. 

One of the most thorough surveys of adverse reactions associated with vaccinia vaccines was conducted in the United States and published by the CDC in 1968,89 and is summarized in Table 27-3. As a consequence of percutaneous inoculation, infectious vaccine virus is present in the local lesion. Consequently, inadvertent inoculation to other skin and mucous membrane sites (autoinoculation) or to other persons (secondary inoculation) is the most frequent complication of vaccinia intradermal vaccination.90 92 Ocular vaccinia is a particularly troublesome problem resulting from secondary inoculation (Figure 27-6). Erythematous or urticarial rashes may occur approximately 10 days after primary vaccination and, rarely, Stevens-Johnson syndrome occurs. Generalized vaccinia is characterized... 

Secondary cell cultures, which can be prepared by taking cells from some types of primary culture, usually those derived from embryonic tissue, dispersing them by treatment with trypsin and inoculating some into a fresh batch of medium. A limited number of subcultures can be performed with these sorts of cells, up to a maximum of about 50 before the cells degenerate. 

Fester, T., W. Maier et al. (1999). Accumulation of secondary compounds in barley and wheat roots in response to inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and co-inoculation with rhizosphere bacteria. Mycorrhiza 8(5) 241-246. 

In certain instances, however, factors other than the cell wall polymers of the phellem may be important in the protection provided by the secondary surface. Rosellinia desmazieresii inoculated in a food base onto the underground stems of a resistant Salix repens hybrid (5. x Friesiana) exhibited greatly reduced epiphytic growth and cord formation compared with inoculations onto susceptible S. repens itself. Attempted penetration was not observed on the resistant hybrid (30). This behaviour suggests that diffusible chemical inhibitors at the stem surface may be important in resistance to this pathogen, which has a demonstrated ability to degrade suberin and penetrate the surface periderm (30). 

B16 melanoma, Walker sarcoma, and M5076 forming liver metastasis have been used in the preclinical evaluation of HPMA copolymer-adriamydn conjugates [36]. Other tumors useful for secondary screening are MS-2 sarcoma, NMU-1 murine lung adenocarcinoma, and murine adenocarcinoma Colon 26. These have been used by Zunino et al. [147] to determine the activity of poly (carboxylic acid) immobilized anthracyclines. Mice inoculated intramuscularly with Lewis lung carcinoma have been used by Pratesi et al. [215] to assess the effect of a poly-L-aspartic acid/doxorubicin conjugate. 

According to Coura and Dias (2009), the transmission mechanisms for Chagas infection can be divided into two groups (i) the principal mechanisms, by means of vectors (triatomines), blood transfusion, oral transmission, contaminated food and placental, or birth canal transmission and (ii) secondary mechanisms, by means of laboratory accidents, management of infected animals, organ transplants, sexual transmission, wounds, contact with sperm or menstrual fluid contaminated with T. cruzi and, hypothetically, deliberate criminal inoculation or contamination of food with the parasite (Coura and Dias, 2009). 

On the fourth and fifth day after inoculation of the treated plants, stainable deposits form on the haustoria. These consist mainly of polysaccharides and are probably formed by the host plant (Figure 4). The material is the same as that in the papillae formed by the plant in response to the penetration infection peg. This encapsulation can be completed 4 to 8 days after inoculation and induces the fungus to stop development and blocks the formation of secondary haustoria (Figure 5) (1 3). 

In vitro infection can be established routinely using infected larvae hemolymph containing viral infectious particles (BVs). These particles can be used to inoculate susceptible cells (see secondary infection, Figure 19.2). NPV replication in insect cell lines seems to be more efficient than GV replication in vitro. While many studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of NPVs to different cell lines, few efficient replication systems have been obtained for GVs (Miltenburger et al., 1984 Winstanley and Crook, 1993). 

Rat 49 Inhalation 2,100 4 wk, continuous Pathogen-free rats inoculated with M. pulmonis and exposed to ammonia had greater bacterial growth and immunologic responses than unexposed inoculated tats. Effects were considered secondary to effects in the nasal passages. LOAEL too Schoeb et al. 1982... 

Animals need to be bathed with copious amounts of soap and water. If dermal decontamination is not implemented quickly, mustard will react with the skin and cannot be easily removed (Sidell et al, 1997). Sodium thiosulfate (2.5% solution) can be used dermally to neutralize mustard exposures (Garigan, 1996). Animals may also be bathed with dilute (0.5%) hypochlorite solutions (Borak and Sidell, 1992). Monitor for dermal bums. Secondary infection is common. Topical silver sulfadiazine can be applied to all bums and an Ehzabethan collar placed to decrease ingestion of the ointment and self trauma. Topically applied dexa-methasone and diclofenac reduced inflammation in a mouse model when applied within 4 h (Dachir et al, 2004). All equine and ovine patients should be inoculated with tetanus toxoid. Vaccination of other species should be determined on a case by case basis. 

The unique flavors of wines are due not only to grape flavors but also to those formed during the primary yeast fermentation and any secondary bacterial or yeast fermentation that can occur. Many of the factors affecting fermenta-tions-related flavors remain controversial (e.g., spontaneous versus inoculated yeast fermentations) or are still not well understood. The effects of grape composition, seasonal variations, and the identification of odor impact compounds need much more investigation. However, novel enzymatic syntheses are leading to an increased understanding of the pathways by which fermentation flavors are formed. These topics are discussed in Chapters 6-9. 

In addition, it is found that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the inoculating seed concentration, thus confirming that the growth of the crystals takes place without interference from secondary nucleation. To have obtained a kinetic precipitation stoichiometry to this precision by techniques previously used would have required concentration analysis to at least 4 0.03%. Although, as mentioned previously, it had been assiamed that the ratio, R, was close to that for TCP, thereby invoking TCP as the precursor, it is clear from the results in Table I that the ratio is significantly lower than the Ca P = 1.50 required for TCP. 

The rate of antibody production following inoculation depends on whether it is the first (primary) or a subsequent (secondary) injection. The two patterns of response are shown in Figure 8-10. After the first injection of immunogen there is a lag period of 1 to 30 days before appearance of serum antibodies 5 to 7 days is quite common for many soluble proteins. After this the concentration of serum antibodies increases exponentially, reaching a maximum usually at around 9 to 11 days when soluble proteins... 

Some speculate that ACAID-based immunotherapy may be beneficial in immune-media ted diseases of the eye and a variety of other organs. This is due to the fact that the immune deviation of ACAID produces T regulatory cells that are effective in inhibiting both Thl and Th2 responses (both primary and secondary responses). Cell d-reac tive NKT cell-dependent tolerance or ACAID induced by inoculation of antigen into the eye may contribute to self-tolerance and prevention of autoimmune responses in organs and tissues in general. 

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