Cell cultures secondary

Hara Y (1996) In DiCosmo F, Misawa M (eds) Plant cell culture secondary metabolism -towards industrial application. CRC, Boca Raton, p 187... 

Keywords. Plant cell culture, Secondary metabolites, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Ethylene, Methyl jasmonate, Artemisinin, Paclitaxel, Engineering parameters... 

Large-scale production of secondary metabolites by plant cell cultures. In DiCos-mo E, Misawa M (Eds.), Plant cell culture secondary metabolism Toward industrial application. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 11-52. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 50 189-216. 

Schlatmann, J.E., Hoopen, H.J.G.T., and Heijnen, J.J. (1996) Large-scale production of secondary metabolites by plant cell cultures, in Plant Cell Culture Secondary Metabolism Toward Industrial Application (eds F. DiCosmo and M. Misawa), CRC Press. 

In the interdisciplinary field of biophysics and biotechnology, the bioeffects of electric field have received considerable interest for both fundamental studies on these interaction mechanisms and potential application. However, the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) on secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures and fermentation processes have been unknown. Therefore, it would be very interesting to find out whether PEF could be used as a new tool for stimulating secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures for potential application to the value-added plant-specific secondary metabolite production. Furthermore, if the PEF permeabilization and elicitation are discovered in a cell culture system, the combination of... 

Secondary cell cultures, which can be prepared by taking cells from some types of primary culture, usually those derived from embryonic tissue, dispersing them by treatment with trypsin and inoculating some into a fresh batch of medium. A limited number of subcultures can be performed with these sorts of cells, up to a maximum of about 50 before the cells degenerate. 

Schroeder, W. and Bohm, H., Once more secondary metabolite concentrations in whole plants and in cell cultures derived therefrom, J. Plant Physiol, 145,126,1995. Yang, R.Y.K. et al., Plant-cell bioreactors with simultaneous electropermeabilization and electrophoresis, J. BiotechnoL, 100, 13, 2003. 

J. Guern, J. P. Renaudin, S. C. Brown, The compartmentation of secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures. Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants. Vol. 4 (F, Constabel and 1. K. Vasil, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, 1987, p. 43. A. L. Samuels, M. Fernando, and A. D. M. Glass, Immunofluorescent localization of plasma membrane H -ATPase in barley roots and effects of K nutrition. Plant Physiol. 99 1509 (1992). 

In recent years, extensive attention has been focused on finding cultured plant cells that can be used as catalysts for organic functional group transformations. A number of transformations employing freely suspended or immobilized plant cell cultures have been reported.24 For example, Akakabe et al.25 report that immobilized cells of Daucus carota from carrot can be used to reduce prochiral carbonyl substrates such as keto esters, aromatic ketones, and heterocyclic ketones to the corresponding secondary alcohols in ( -configuration with enantiomeric excess of 52-99% and chemical yields of 30 63%). 

Other kinds of plant cell cultures such as immobilized tobacco cells have also been studied for the analogous transformation. The results show that plant cell cultures provide an accessible way of converting several prochiral ketones into the corresponding chiral secondary alcohols with reasonable chemical yield and high enantioselectivity. 

Mulabagal V, Tsay H-S. (2004) Plant cell cultures — an alternative and efficient source for the production of biologically important secondary metabolites. Int J App Sci Eng 2 29 8. 

Plant cell culture is useful in laboratory and in industry because it allows plant natural products to be produced in a relatively controlled manner, and provides a supply of plant material that is not affected by sourcing problems, such as environmental, seasonal, geographical, and political factors.Also, plant cell culture allows for the tweaking and rearrangement of secondary metabolite biochemical pathways in order to produce novel metabolites, and to increase target compound yields, as well as allowing derivatives to be formed by introduction of analogs of natural intermediates.Plant cell culture can be performed with callus and suspension cultures, as well as with shoot cultures and hairy root cultures. These latter two approaches are especially useful when a metabolite is found to be produced more readily in differentiated cells. 

Rao SR, Ravishankar GA, Plant cell cultures Chemical factories of secondary metabolites, BiotechnolAdv 20 101—153, 2002. 

Plant species that produce many small seeds usually do not invest in toxins, whereas species with few nutrient-rich seeds generally do (18, 22). The knowledge about these adaptations is valuable if we think of manipulating plant secondary metabolism, for example in plant cell cultures, to produce economically important natural products. 

The induction of PAL activity at the onset of vascular differentiation can be shown by the use of plant tissue cultures (37-39). Xylem cells with secondary and lignified walls are differentiated over a time course of 3-14 days by the application of the plant growth factors naphthylene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin in the ratio 5 1 (1.0 mg/liter NAA, 0.2 mg/liter kinetin) to tissue cultures of bean cells (Phaseolus vulgaris) (37,40). The time for differentiation varies with the type of culture, solid or suspension, and with the frequency and duration of subculture, but for any one culture it is relatively constant (37,41,42). At the time of differentiation when the xylem vessels form, the activity of PAL rises to a maximum. The rising phase of the enzyme activity was inhibited by actinomycin D and by D-2,4-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide (MDMP) applied under carefully controlled conditions (42). This indicated that both transcription and translation were necessary for the response to the hormones. Experiments using an antibody for PAL and a cDNA probe for the PAL-mRNA have also shown that there is an increase in the amount of transcript for PAL during the formation of lignin when Zinnia mesophyll cells are induced to form xylem elements in culture (Lin and Northcote, unpublished work). 

Anderson, L. A., Phillipson, J. D. and Roberts, M. F. 1985. Biosynthesis of secondary products by cell cultures of higher plants. Plant Cell Culture, 31 1-36. 

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