Applications secondary metabolites

Streptomyces and fungi are potential sources of different antibiotics and other natural compounds. Many antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and other potential pharmaceutically applicable secondary metabolites have been isolated from these... 

Application of NMR spectroscopy to heterocyclic chemistry has developed very rapidly during the past 15 years, and the technique is now used almost as routinely as H NMR spectroscopy. There are four main areas of application of interest to the heterocyclic chemist (i) elucidation of structure, where the method can be particularly valuable for complex natural products such as alkaloids and carbohydrate antibiotics (ii) stereochemical studies, especially conformational analysis of saturated heterocyclic systems (iii) the correlation of various theoretical aspects of structure and electronic distribution with chemical shifts, coupling constants and other NMR derived parameters and (iv) the unravelling of biosynthetic pathways to natural products, where, in contrast to related studies with " C-labelled precursors, stepwise degradation of the secondary metabolite is usually unnecessary. 

Microorganisms have been identified and exploited for more than a century. The Babylonians and Sumerians used yeast to prepare alcohol. There is a great history beyond fermentation processes, which explains the applications of microbial processes that resulted in the production of food and beverages. In the mid-nineteenth century, Louis Pasteur understood the role of microorganisms in fermented food, wine, alcohols, beverages, cheese, milk, yoghurt and other dairy products, fuels, and fine chemical industries. He identified many microbial processes and discovered the first principal role of fermentation, which was that microbes required substrate to produce primary and secondary metabolites, and end products. 

In the interdisciplinary field of biophysics and biotechnology, the bioeffects of electric field have received considerable interest for both fundamental studies on these interaction mechanisms and potential application. However, the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) on secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures and fermentation processes have been unknown. Therefore, it would be very interesting to find out whether PEF could be used as a new tool for stimulating secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures for potential application to the value-added plant-specific secondary metabolite production. Furthermore, if the PEF permeabilization and elicitation are discovered in a cell culture system, the combination of... 

The current state of analytical SPE was critically reviewed and no major changes of the technique have been observed. Overviews of the developments of the extraction technologies of secondary metabolites from plant materials refer to three types of conventional extraction techniques that involve the use of solvents, steam, or supercritical fluids. Each technique is described in detail with respect to typical processing parameters and recent developments. Eollowing the discussion of some technical and economic aspects of conventional and novel separation processes, a few general conclusions about the applicabilities of the different types of extraction techniques are drawn. ... 

Application of Preparative Layer Chromatography for the Separation of Secondary Metabolites from Plant Tissues... 

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is an extracellular plant enzyme that acts in regulation of cell growth and differentiation, polymerization of cell wall components, and the oxidation of secondary metabolites essential for important pathogenic defense reactions. Because of these essential functions, and also because of its stability and ready availability, HRP has attracted considerable attention.13 It has been involved in a number of applications, such as diagnostic assays,14 biosensors,15 bioremediation,16 polymer synthesis,17 and other biotechnological processes.18 More applications in which HRP catalysis is translated into an electrochemical signal are likely to be developed in the near future. 

Because of its importance, the application of planar chromatography for the analysis of various secondary metabolites in plants such as heterocyclic oxygen compounds (coumarins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, etc.) has been reviewed many times [143,144],... 

W. Cisowski, W. Dembinska-Migas, M. Krauze-Baranowska, M. Luczkiewicz, P. Migas, G. Matysik and E. Soczewinski, Application of planar chromatography to the analysis of secondary metabolites in callus cultures of different plant species. J. Plan. Chromatogr.—Mod. TLC 11 (1998)441 146. 

About 120 chemical constituents have been identified in chamomile as secondary metabolites, including 28 terpenoids, 36 flavonoids and 52 additional compounds [4]. A substantial part of drag effects are determined by the essential oil content. Oil is collected from flower heads, either by steam distillation or solvent extraction, for yields of 0.24-1.90% of fresh or dry plant tissue. Among the essential oil constituents the most active are /-/-a-bisabolol and chamazulene. /-/-a-bisabolol has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, sedative and CNS activity. Chamazulene is also anti-inflammatory. Topical applications of chamomile preparation have shown benefit in the treatment of eczema, dermatitis and ulceration [5]. 

Natural products with industrial applications can be produced by the metabolism of living organisms (plants, animals or microorganisms). The most economically natural compounds produced by microorganisms, other than enzymes and recombinant proteins, are the low molecular weight primary and secondary metabolites. ... 

Microorganisms produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites, many of which display actual or potential therapeutic application. Antibiotics are by far the most numerous such substances... 

The main framework is made up of five key modules for chemical library editing, enumeration, conversion, visualization, and analysis. The operations of these functionalities are accomplished by the various applications at the resource layer. For the purpose of illustration, the compound calothrixin B, a secondary metabolite isolated from the Calothrix cyanobacteria (11-13), is used as the scaffold molecule with the variable functional groups Rw] attached (Fig. 18.1). The calothrixins are redox-active natural products which display potent antimalarial and anticancer properties and thus there is interest in probing the physical as well as biological profiles of their derivatives (14). In this exercise, six functional groups have been selected as the building blocks (Table 18.1). 

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